استخوان

Arabic

Root
خ و ن (ḵ-w-n)

Noun

اِسْتِخْوَان • (istiḵwān) m

1. verbal noun of اِسْتَخْوَنَ (istaḵwana) (form X)

Declension

Declension of noun اِسْتِخْوَان (istiḵwān)

Singular	basic singular triptote
	Indefinite	Definite	Construct
Informal	اِسْتِخْوَان istiḵwān	الِاسْتِخْوَان al-istiḵwān	اِسْتِخْوَان istiḵwān
Nominative	اِسْتِخْوَانٌ istiḵwānun	الِاسْتِخْوَانُ al-istiḵwānu	اِسْتِخْوَانُ istiḵwānu
Accusative	اِسْتِخْوَانًا istiḵwānan	الِاسْتِخْوَانَ al-istiḵwāna	اِسْتِخْوَانَ istiḵwāna
Genitive	اِسْتِخْوَانٍ istiḵwānin	الِاسْتِخْوَانِ al-istiḵwāni	اِسْتِخْوَانِ istiḵwāni

Persian

Etymology

Inherited from Middle Persian [script needed] (ʾsthwʾn' /⁠astuxwān⁠/, “bone”), from Proto-Iranian *HástHáhuānām, a compound from *HástH (“bone”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₃ésth₁ (“bone”).

Cognate with Mazanderani هسکا (hassekā), Ancient Greek ὀστέον (ostéon, “bone”), Latin os.

Pronunciation

• (Classical Persian) IPA^(key): [ʔus.tu.xʷɑːn]

 

• (Dari, formal) IPA^(key): [ʔʊs.t̪ʰʊ.xɑːn]

• (Dari, formal) IPA^(key): [ʔʊs.t̪ʰʊ.xɑːn]
  • (Kabuli) IPA^(key): [ʔʊs.t̪ʰʊ.xɑːn]
  • (Hazaragi) IPA^(key): [ʔus.t̪ʰu.xɔːn]

 

• (Iran, formal) IPA^(key): [ʔos.t̪ʰo.xɒːn]

• (Iran, formal) IPA^(key): [ʔos.t̪ʰo.xɒːn]
  • (Tehrani) IPA^(key): [ʔos.t̪ʰo.xuːn]

• (Tajik, formal) IPA^(key): [ʔus.t̪ʰu.χɔn]

Readings
Classical reading?	ustuxwān
Dari reading?	ustuxān
Iranian reading?	ostoxân
Tajik reading?	ustuxon

Noun

Dari	استخوان
Iranian Persian
Tajik	устухон

اُسْتُخْوَان • (ostoxân)

1. bone (anatomy)

   Synonyms: (medical) عظم (azm), (rare) است (ast)

2. stone (of fruits)

Alternative forms

• اُستُخون (ostoxun) (colloquial Iranian)
• سُتْخوان (sotxân), سُتَخوان (sotaxân), اُستُخان (ostoxân) (all obsolete)

Derived terms

• اُستُخْوَانی (ostoxâni)

Descendants

• → Azerbaijani: üstüxan
• → Chagatai: استخوان
  • Uyghur: ئۇستۇخان (ustuxan)
  • Uzbek: ustuxon
• → Ottoman Turkish: استخوان (üstühan)
• → Urdu: اُسْتُخوان (ustuxvān)

Further reading

• Hayyim, Sulayman (1934), “استخوان”, in New Persian–English dictionary, Teheran: Librairie-imprimerie Béroukhim

Urdu

Etymology

Borrowed from Classical Persian استخوان (ustuxʷān).

Pronunciation

• (Standard Urdu) IPA^(key): /ʊs.t̪ʊx.wɑːn/

Noun

اُسْتُخوان • (ustuxwān) m (Hindi spelling उस्तुख़वान)

1. bone
2. skeleton

References

• “استخوان”, in اُردُو لُغَت (urdū luġat) (in Urdu), Ministry of Education: Government of Pakistan, 2017.
• “استخوان”, in ریخْتَہ لُغَت (rexta luġat) - Rekhta Dictionary [Urdu dictionary with meanings in Hindi & English], Noida, India: Rekhta Foundation, 2024.