堅

See also: 坚

Translingual

Etymology

Phono-semantic compound (形聲): phonetic 臤 + semantic 土

Han character

堅 (radical 32 土+9, 12 strokes, cangjie input 尸水土 (SEG), four-corner 7710₄, composition ⿱臤土)

Derived characters

• 鰹

References

• KangXi: page 232, character 3
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 5210
• Dae Jaweon: page 469, character 5
• Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 1, page 451, character 4
• Unihan data for U+5805

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Chinese

		-
trad.		堅
simp.		坚

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): jiān (jian¹)

  (Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄢ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): gin¹
• Hakka (Pha̍k-fa-sṳ): kiên
• Min Nan (POJ): kian

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese, Beijing)⁺
    • Pinyin: jiān
    • Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄢ
    • Wade-Giles: chien¹
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jian
    • IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
    • Jyutping: gin¹
    • Yale: gīn
    • Cantonese Pinyin: gin¹
    • IPA ^(key): /kiːn⁵⁵/
• Hakka
  • Romanisations:
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kiên
    • IPA (Siyen, incl. Miaoli): /ki̯en²⁴/
• Min Nan
  • (Hokkien)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kian
    • Tâi-lô: kian
    • IPA (Taipei): /kiɛn⁴⁴/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /kiɛn³⁴/

Middle Chinese pronunciation (堅, reconstructed)
Character (堅), Pronunciation 1/1
Initial: 見 (28) Final: 先 Division: IV			Openness: Open Tone: Level (Ø)			Fanqie: 古賢切
Zhengzhang Shangfang	Bernard Karlgren	Li Rong	Pan Wuyun	Edwin Pulleyblank	Wang Li	Shao Rongfen
/ken/	/kien/	/ken/	/ken/	/kɛn/	/kien/	/kɛn/

Old Chinese pronunciation (堅, reconstructed)
Baxter-Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character								Modern Beijing (Pinyin)								Middle Chinese								Old Chinese								English
堅								jiān								‹ ken ›								/*kˤi[ŋ]/								spoillliadr, strong
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter-Sagart system: Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character					No.					Phonetic component					Rime group					Rime subdivision					Corresponding MC rime					Old Chinese					Notes
堅					1330					臣					眞					1					堅					/*kiːn/

Definitions

堅

1. hard, strong, firm
2. resolute

Compounds

• 堅木

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Japanese

Kanji

堅

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

1. hard, firm

Readings

• On: けん (ken)
• Kun: かたい (katai), かたく (kataku)

Compounds

• 堅強
• 堅固
• 堅持
• 堅実
• 堅忍不抜
• 堅牢
• 具志堅

Proper noun

堅 (hiragana けん, romaji Ken)

1. A male given name

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Korean

Hanja

堅 (gyeon) (hangeul 견, revised gyeon, McCune-Reischauer kyŏn)

1. This entry needs a definition. Please add one, then remove {{defn}}.

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Vietnamese

Han character

堅 (kiên, keng, kiêng, gắn, ghiền)

1. This entry needs a definition. Please add one, then remove {{defn}}.