堇

See also: 菫 and 暵

Translingual

Han character

堇 (radical 32 土+8, 11 strokes, cangjie input 廿中手一 (TLQM), four-corner 4410₄, composition ⿳⿱廿中一土)

1. yellow loam
2. clay
3. season
4. few

Derived characters

• 勤 謹 僅

References

• KangXi: page 232, character 5
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 5212
• Dae Jaweon: page 469, character 7
• Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 1, page 450, character 2
• Unihan data for U+5807

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Chinese

		-
simp. and trad.		堇

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): jǐn (jin³)

  (Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄣˇ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): gan²

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese, Beijing)⁺
    • Pinyin: jǐn
    • Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄣˇ
    • Wade-Giles: chin³
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jiin
    • IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕin²¹⁴/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
    • Jyutping: gan²
    • Yale: gán
    • Cantonese Pinyin: gan²
    • IPA ^(key): /kɐn³⁵/

Middle Chinese pronunciation (堇, reconstructed)
Character (堇), Pronunciation 1/2
Initial: 群 (30) Final: 眞 Division: III			Openness: Open Tone: Level (Ø)			Fanqie: 巨巾切
Zhengzhang Shangfang	Bernard Karlgren	Li Rong	Pan Wuyun	Edwin Pulleyblank	Wang Li	Shao Rongfen
/ɡiɪn/	/gi̯ĕn/	/ɡiĕn/	/ɡin/	/gin/	/ɡĭĕn/	/ɡjen/
Character (堇), Pronunciation 2/2
Initial: 見 (28) Final: 欣 Division: III			Openness: Open Tone: Rising (X)			Fanqie: 居隱切
Zhengzhang Shangfang	Bernard Karlgren	Li Rong	Pan Wuyun	Edwin Pulleyblank	Wang Li	Shao Rongfen
/kɨnX/	/ki̯ənX/	/kiənX/	/kɨnX/	/kɨnX/	/kĭənX/	/kiənX/

Old Chinese pronunciation (堇, reconstructed)
Baxter-Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character								Modern Beijing (Pinyin)								Middle Chinese								Old Chinese								English
堇								jǐn								‹ gin ›								/*[ɡ]rə[r]/								time, season
堇								jǐn								‹ kjɨnX ›								/*kə[r]ʔ/								(a kind of vegetable)
堇								qín								‹ gin ›								/*[ɡ]rə[r]/								clay
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter-Sagart system: Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character					No.					Phonetic component					Rime group					Rime subdivision					Corresponding MC rime					Old Chinese					Notes
堇					6731					堇					文					1					𥎊					/*ɡrɯn/					甲金文象人交手恭立爲覲初文，再加土爲堇墐
堇					6746					堇					文					1					謹					/*kɯnʔ/

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Japanese

Kanji

堇

(uncommon “Hyōgai” kanji)

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Readings

• On: きん (kin)
• Kun: すみれ (sumire)

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Korean

Hanja

堇 (geun) (hangeul 근, revised geun, McCune-Reischauer kŭn)

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