壞

See also: 坏 and 壊

Translingual

shinjitai	壊
simplified	坏
traditional	壞

Etymology

Phono-semantic compound (形聲): semantic 土 (“earth”) + phonetic 褱

Han character

壞 (radical 32 土+16, 19 strokes, cangjie input 土卜田女 (GYWV), four-corner 4413₂, composition ⿰土褱)

References

• KangXi: page 242, character 3
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 5590
• Dae Jaweon: page 481, character 27
• Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 1, page 500, character 2
• Unihan data for U+58DE

---

Chinese

		-
trad.		壞
simp.		坏

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): huài (huai⁴)

  (Zhuyin): ㄏㄨㄞˋ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): waai⁶
• Hakka (Pha̍k-fa-sṳ): fái
• Min Nan (POJ): hāi
• Wu (WT Romanisation): hhua (T3)

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese, Beijing)⁺
    • Pinyin: huài
    • Zhuyin: ㄏㄨㄞˋ
    • Wade-Giles: huai⁴
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: huay
    • IPA ^(key): /xu̯aɪ̯⁵¹/

    • (file)

• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
    • Jyutping: waai⁶
    • Yale: waaih
    • Cantonese Pinyin: waai⁶
    • IPA ^(key): /wɑːi̯²²/
• Hakka
  • Romanisations:
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: fái
    • IPA (Siyen, incl. Miaoli): /fa̯i³¹/
• Min Nan
  • (Hokkien)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hāi
    • Tâi-lô: hāi
    • IPA (Taipei): /haɪ³³/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /haɪ²²/
• Wu
  • (Shanghainese)
    • WT Romanisation: hhua (T3)
    • IPA ^(key): /ɦɯᴀ²³/

Middle Chinese pronunciation (壞, reconstructed)
Character (壞), Pronunciation 1/2
Initial: 見 (28) Final: 皆 Division: II			Openness: Closed Tone: Departing (H)			Fanqie: 古壞切
Zhengzhang Shangfang	Bernard Karlgren	Li Rong	Pan Wuyun	Edwin Pulleyblank	Wang Li	Shao Rongfen
/kɣuɛiH/	/kwăiH/	/kuɛiH/	/kʷɯæiH/	/kwəɨjH/	/kwɐiH/	/kuɐiH/
Character (壞), Pronunciation 2/2
Initial: 匣 (33) Final: 皆 Division: II			Openness: Closed Tone: Departing (H)			Fanqie: 胡怪切
Zhengzhang Shangfang	Bernard Karlgren	Li Rong	Pan Wuyun	Edwin Pulleyblank	Wang Li	Shao Rongfen
/ɦɣuɛiH/	/ɣwăiH/	/ɣuɛiH/	/ɦʷɯæiH/	/ɦwəɨjH/	/ɣwɐiH/	/ɣuɐiH/

Old Chinese pronunciation (壞, reconstructed)
Baxter-Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character								Modern Beijing (Pinyin)								Middle Chinese								Old Chinese								English
壞								huài								‹ hwɛjH ›								/*N-[k]ˤ<r>uj-s/								be destroyed
壞								huài								‹ hwɛjH ›								/*m-[k]ˤ<r>uj-s/								destroy
壞								huài								‹ hwojX ›								/*N-[k]ˤujʔ/								be destroyed
壞								huài								‹ hwojX ›								/*m-[k]ˤujʔ/								destroy
壞								huài								‹ kwɛjH ›								/*[k]ʷˤ<r>ujʔ-s/								destroy
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter-Sagart system: Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character					No.					Phonetic component					Rime group					Rime subdivision					Corresponding MC rime					Old Chinese					Notes
壞					5344					褱					微					2					壞					/*ɡruːls/

Definitions

壞

1. bad, spoiled
2. rotten
3. broken
4. to spoil, to ruin, to destroy

Compounds

Derived terms

• 壞主意／坏主意

• 壞事／坏事

• 壞人／坏人

• 壞分子／坏分子

• 壞包兒／坏包儿

• 壞小子／坏小子

• 壞心眼兒／坏心眼儿

• 壞東西／坏东西

• 壞死／坏死

• 壞水／坏水

• 壞腸子／坏肠子

• 壞處／坏处

• 壞蛋／坏蛋

• 壞血病／坏血病

• 壞話／坏话

• 壞賬／坏账

---

Japanese

Kanji

壞

(uncommon “Hyōgai” kanji, kyūjitai kanji, shinjitai form 壊)

1. This entry needs a definition. Please add one, then remove {{defn}}.

Readings

• On: かい (kai), え (e)
• Kun: こわす (kowasu)

---

Korean

Hanja

壞 (goe, hoe) (hangeul 괴, 회, McCune-Reischauer koe, hoe)

1. This entry needs a definition. Please add one, then remove {{defn}}.

---

Vietnamese

Han character

壞 (hoại, hoải, hoai)

1. This entry needs a definition. Please add one, then remove {{defn}}.