孫

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See also: 孙
孫 U+5B6B, 孫
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5B6B
← 孪
[U+5B6A] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 孬 →
[U+5B6C]

Translingual

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Han character

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孫 (Kangxi radical 39, 子+7, 10 strokes, cangjie input 弓木竹女火 (NDHVF), four-corner 12493, composition ⿰子系)

Derived characters

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References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 279, character 23
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 6987
  • Dae Jaweon: page 548, character 19
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1016, character 5
  • Unihan data for U+5B6B

Chinese

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trad. 孫
simp. 孙
alternative forms 𡤾

Glyph origin

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Characters in the same phonetic series (孫) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
孫 *suːn
猻 *suːn
蓀 *suːn
搎 *suːn
遜 *suːns
愻 *suːns

Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 子 (“son”) + 系 (“continue”).

Wikipedia has articles on:
  • 孫 (Written Standard Chinese?)
  • 孫 (Cantonese)
  • sun (Southern Min)

Etymology

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From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *sju(w)-n (“grandchild”) (STEDT). Cognate with Bodo (India) sou (“grandchild”), Jingpho shu (“grandchild”).

Pronunciation 1

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Note:
  • seng1 - vernacular;
  • song1/suong1 - literary (incl. surname).
Note:
  • sng/suiⁿ - vernacular (surname);
  • sun - literary (all senses, including surname, except in Zhangzhou).
Note:
  • seng1 - surname;
  • sung1 - other senses.
  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 孫
Mandarin Beijing /suən⁵⁵/
Harbin /suən⁴⁴/
Tianjin /suən²¹/
Jinan /suẽ²¹³/
Qingdao /suə̃²¹³/
Zhengzhou /suən²⁴/
Xi'an /suẽ²¹/
Xining /suə̃⁴⁴/
Yinchuan /suŋ⁴⁴/
Lanzhou /sũn³¹/
Ürümqi /suŋ⁴⁴/
Wuhan /sən²¹³/
Chengdu /sən⁵⁵/
/suən⁵⁵/
Guiyang /sen⁵⁵/
Kunming /suə̃⁵³/
Nanjing /sun³¹/
Hefei /sən²¹/
Jin Taiyuan /suəŋ¹¹/
Pingyao /suŋ¹³/
Hohhot /sũŋ³¹/
Wu Shanghai /səŋ⁵³/
Suzhou /sən⁵⁵/
Hangzhou /sz̩ʷen³³/
Wenzhou /sø³³/
Hui Shexian /sʌ̃³¹/
Tunxi /suːə¹¹/
Xiang Changsha /sən³³/
Xiangtan /sən³³/
Gan Nanchang /sun⁴²/
Hakka Meixian /sun⁴⁴/
Taoyuan /sun²⁴/
Cantonese Guangzhou /syn⁵³/
Nanning /ɬyn⁵⁵/
Hong Kong /syn⁵⁵/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /sun⁵⁵/
/sŋ̍⁵⁵/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /souŋ⁴⁴/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /sɔŋ⁵⁴/
Shantou (Teochew) /suŋ³³/
/sɯŋ³³/ 姓
Haikou (Hainanese) /sun²³/
/tun²³/
Rime
Character 孫
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 心 (16)
Final (韻) 魂 (55)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Closed
Division (等) I
Fanqie 思渾切
Baxter swon
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/suən/
Pan
Wuyun 		/suon/
Shao
Rongfen 		/suən/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/swən/
Li
Rong 		/suən/
Wang
Li 		/suən/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/suən/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		sūn
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		syun1
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 孫
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		sūn
Middle
Chinese 		‹ swon ›
Old
Chinese 		/*[s]ˁu[n]/
English grandchild; descendant

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 孫
Reading # 1/1
No. 12178
Phonetic
component 		孫
Rime
group 		文
Rime
subdivision 		2
Corresponding
MC rime 		孫
Old
Chinese 		/*suːn/

Definitions

[edit]

孫

  1. grandchild (Classifier: 個／个 c; 粒 c)
  2. (literary or dialectal) grandson (Classifier: 個／个 c; 粒 c)
  3. (chiefly Min) fraternal nephew
  4. descendant
  5. a surname, listed third in the Baijiaxing
    孫中山／孙中山  ―  Sūn Zhōngshān  ―  Sun Yat-sen (provisionally served as the first president of the Republic of China)
  6. A respelling of the English patronymic son
    魯濱孫／鲁滨孙  ―  Lǔbīn Sūn  ―  Robinson
Synonyms
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Dialectal synonyms of 孫子 (“grandson (son's son)”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Classical Chinese 孫, 孫兒
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 孫子, 內孫
Northeastern Mandarin Beijing 孫子, 孫夥計
Taiwan 孫子
Harbin 孫子
Singapore 孫, 孫子
Jilu Mandarin Jinan 孫子兒, 孫子
Jiaoliao Mandarin Yantai (Muping) 孫子
Central Plains Mandarin Luoyang 孫子, 孫兒
Wanrong 裡甥子, 孫子
Zhengzhou 孫兒
Xi'an 孫子
Xining 孫娃子
Xuzhou 孫子, 孫兒
Sokuluk (Gansu Dungan) 孫子
Lanyin Mandarin Yinchuan 孫子
Lanzhou 孫娃子, 男孫子
Ürümqi 孫子
Southwestern Mandarin Chengdu 孫兒, 家孫兒
Wuhan 孫子, 孫娃子 young, dated
Guiyang 孫孫
Kunming 孫子
Guilin 孫子
Liuzhou 孫子, 孫崽, 孫
Jianghuai Mandarin Nanjing 孫子
Yangzhou 孫子
Nantong 孫子, 孫兒
Hefei 孫子
Huanggang 孫兒
Cantonese Guangzhou 孫, 孫仔
Hong Kong 孫, 孫仔
Hong Kong (San Tin Weitou) 孫
Hong Kong (Kam Tin Weitou) 孫
Hong Kong (Ting Kok) 孫仔
Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau) 孫仔
Macau 孫
Guangzhou (Panyu) 孫
Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu) 孫
Guangzhou (Conghua) 孫
Guangzhou (Zengcheng) 孫
Foshan 孫
Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai) 孫
Foshan (Shunde) 孫
Foshan (Sanshui) 孫
Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming) 孫
Zhongshan (Shiqi) 孫
Zhuhai (Qianshan, Xiangzhou) 孫
Zhuhai (Shangheng, Doumen; Tanka) 孫
Zhuhai (Doumen) 孫
Jiangmen (Baisha) 孫
Jiangmen (Xinhui) 孫
Taishan 孫
Kaiping (Chikan) 孫
Enping (Niujiang) 孫
Heshan (Yayao) 孫
Dongguan 孫
Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an) 孫
Shaoguan 孫
Yunfu 孫
Yangjiang 孫
Xinyi 孫
Lianjiang 孫
Nanning 孫, 孫仔
Wuzhou 孫, 孫仔
Yulin 孫
Hepu (Lianzhou) 孫
Danzhou 兒孫
Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 孫仔
Singapore (Guangfu) 孫, 孫仔
Gan Nanchang 孫子
Lichuan 孫崽
Pingxiang 孫, 孫子
Hakka Meixian 孫仔
Huizhou (Huicheng Bendihua) 阿孫, 孫
Huizhou (Shuikou Bendihua) 阿孫
Huizhou (Hengli Bendihua) 阿孫
Huidong (Pingshan Bendihua) 阿孫
Dongguan (Qingxi) 孫仔
Longmen (Pingling Bendihua) 孫
Longmen (Luxi Bendihua) 孫
Boluo (Bendihua) 男孫
Shenzhen (Shatoujiao) 孫仔
Zengcheng (Zhengguo) 孫仔, 孫子
Zhongshan (Wuguishan) 孫子
Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui) 孫子
Wuhua (Shuizhai) 孫哩
Wuhua (Huacheng) 孫哩
Wuhua (Changbu) 孫哩
Wuhua (Mianyang) 孫哩
Heyuan (Bendihua) 阿孫
Longchuan (Tuocheng Bendihua) 孫
Longchuan (Sidu Bendihua) 孫
Heping (Linzhai Bendihua) 孫
Lianping (Zhongxin Bendihua) 阿孫
Lianping (Longjie Bendihua) 孫
Wengyuan 孫子
Xinfeng (Matou Bendihua) 阿孫
Xinfeng (Daxi Bendihua) 孫
Liannan 孫子
Guangzhou (Lütian, Conghua) 孫仔
Jiexi 阿孫
Luhe 孫仔
Zhao'an (Xiuzhuan) 阿孫
Changting 孫哩
Wuping (Yanqian) 孫子
Ninghua 孫哩
Yudu 孫子, 孫
Ningdu 孫子
Shicheng 孫子
Shangyou (Shexi) 孫子
Tonggu (Sandu) 孫子
Ganzhou (Panlong) 孫子
Dayu 孫哩
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 孫仔
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 孫仔
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 孫仔
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 孫
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 孫仔
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 孫
Hong Kong 孫仔
Yangxi (Tangkou) 孫子
Yangchun (Sanjia) 孫仔
Xinyi (Sihe) 孫
Xinyi (Qianpai) 孫
Gaozhou (Xindong) 孫
Maoming (Shalang, Dianbai) 孫
Huazhou (Xin'an) 孫子
Lianjiang (Shijiao) 孫子
Lianjiang (Qingping) 孫, 阿孫
Mengshan (Xihe) 孫
Luchuan 孫
Luchuan (Daqiao) 孫子
Sabah (Longchuan) 孫仔
Senai (Huiyang) 孫仔
Sungai Tapang, Batu Kawa (Hepo) 孫
Singkawang 孫
Huizhou Jixi 孫子
Jin Taiyuan 孫子
Pingyao 孫子
Xinzhou 孫子
Hohhot 孫子
Northern Min Jian'ou 孫仔
Jian'ou (Dikou) 孫仔
Zhenghe (Zhenqian) 孫
Jianyang 孫仔
Wuyishan 孫仔
Pucheng (Shibei) 孫仔
Eastern Min Fuzhou 孫, 孫囝, 丈夫孫
Fuzhou (Changle) 孫
Fuqing 孫, 孫囝
Yongtai 孫囝
Gutian 孫
Fu'an 孫
Ningde 孫
Shouning 孫囝
Zhouning 孫
Fuding 孫囝
Matsu 孫
Southern Min Xiamen 孫, 孫仔
Quanzhou 孫, 孫仔
Yongchun 丈夫孫
Zhangzhou 孫
Dongshan 孫仔
Taipei 孫
New Taipei (Sanxia) 孫仔
Kaohsiung 孫
Yilan 孫
Changhua (Lukang) 孫
Taichung 孫
Tainan 孫, 孫仔
Hsinchu 孫
Kinmen 孫
Penghu (Magong) 孫
Penang (Hokkien) 孫
Singapore (Hokkien) 孫, 丈夫孫
Manila (Hokkien) 孫, 孫仔, 內孫
Zhangping (Yongfu) 孫仔
Datian 孫
Pingnan (Shangdu) 孫
Chaozhou 孫
Jieyang 孫, 孫囝
Haifeng 孫仔
Bangkok (Teochew) 孫, 內孫
Johor Bahru (Teochew) 孫囝
Singapore (Teochew) 孫, 孫囝
Leizhou 孫
Wenchang 孫, 公爹孫, 丈夫孫
Haikou 孫, 孫囝 young
Singapore (Hainanese) 孫
Puxian Min Putian 孫
Xianyou 內頭孫
Southern Pinghua Nanning (Tingzi) 孫, 孫崽
Northern Pinghua Guilin (Dahe) 孫子
Shehua Fu'an 孫
Fuding 孫
Luoyuan 孫
Sanming 孫
Shunchang 孫仔
Hua'an 孫
Guixi (Zhangping) 孫仔
Cangnan 孫
Jingning (Hexi) 孫
Lishui 孫
Longyou 孫
Chaozhou 孫
Fengshun 孫仔
Wu Shanghai 孫子
Shanghai (Chongming) 孫子, 孫男子
Suzhou 孫子
Wuxi 孫子
Danyang 孫子
Hangzhou 孫子
Ningbo 孫子
Wenzhou 孫兒, 孫
Jinhua 孫兒, 孫
Xiang Changsha 孫崽子, 孫崽, 孫伢子, 孫子
Loudi 孫
Shuangfeng 孫
Hengyang 孫
Quanzhou 孫崽
Dialectal synonyms of 姪子 (“fraternal nephew (brother's son)”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 姪子
Northeastern Mandarin Beijing 姪兒, 姪子
Taiwan 姪子, 姪兒
Chengde 姪子, 姪兒
Chifeng 姪子, 姪兒
Hulunbuir (Hailar) 姪子, 姪兒
Heihe 姪子, 姪兒
Qiqihar 姪兒
Harbin 姪兒, 姪子
Jiamusi 姪子, 姪兒
Baicheng 姪兒
Changchun 姪兒
Tonghua 姪兒
Shenyang 姪兒
Jinzhou 姪子, 姪兒
Singapore 姪兒
Jilu Mandarin Tianjin 姪子, 姪兒
Tangshan 姪子, 姪兒
Cangzhou 姪子, 姪兒
Baoding 姪兒
Shijiazhuang 姪兒
Lijin 姪兒
Jinan 姪子, 姪兒
Jiaoliao Mandarin Dalian 姪兒
Dandong 姪子, 姪兒
Yantai 姪兒
Yantai (Muping) 姪兒
Qingdao 姪兒
Zhucheng 姪兒
Central Plains Mandarin Luoyang 姪子
Lingbao 姪兒
Jining 姪兒
Wanrong 姪兒
Linfen 姪兒
Shangqiu 姪子, 姪兒
Yuanyang 姪子, 姪兒
Zhengzhou 姪兒
Xinyang 姪子, 姪兒
Baihe 姪子, 姪兒
Xi'an 姪子, 姪兒
Baoji 姪兒
Tianshui 姪
Xining 姪兒, 姪兒子
Xuzhou 姪兒, 姪子
Fuyang 姪子, 姪
Sokuluk (Gansu Dungan) 姪兒子
Lanyin Mandarin Yinchuan 姪兒, 姪兒子
Bayanhot 姪兒子
Lanzhou 姪子, 姪兒, 姪兒子
Dunhuang 姪兒子
Hami 姪兒子
Ürümqi 姪兒子, 姪子
Southwestern Mandarin Chengdu 姪兒子, 姪兒, 姪子
Nanchong 姪子, 姪兒
Dazhou 姪娃兒
Hanyuan 姪兒子, 姪兒
Xichang 姪兒子, 姪子
Zigong 姪兒
Chongqing 姪兒
Wuhan 姪兒子, 姪兒, 姪子伢, 姪子
Yichang 姪子, 姪兒
Xiangyang 姪兒子, 姪子
Tianmen 姪子, 姪兒
Guiyang 姪兒子, 姪兒
Zunyi 姪子, 姪兒
Bijie 姪兒子
Liping 姪子
Zhaotong 姪兒子, 姪子
Dali 姪兒子
Kunming 姪子, 姪兒子, 姪兒
Mengzi 姪子
Guilin 姪崽
Liuzhou 姪崽
Jishou 姪兒
Changde 姪兒
Hanzhong 姪子, 姪兒子, 姪兒
Jianghuai Mandarin Nanjing 姪子, 姪兒
Yangzhou 姪子
Lianyungang 姪兒
Lianshui 姪兒
Nantong 姪兒
Anqing 姪子
Wuhu 姪子, 姪兒
Hefei 姪兒, 姪子
Hong'an 姪兒
Cantonese Guangzhou 姪, 姪仔
Hong Kong 姪, 姪仔
Hong Kong (San Tin Weitou) 姪
Macau 姪子
Guangzhou (Panyu) 姪
Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu) 姪
Guangzhou (Conghua) 姪
Guangzhou (Zengcheng) 姪
Foshan 姪
Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai) 姪
Foshan (Shunde) 姪
Foshan (Sanshui) 姪
Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming) 姪
Zhongshan (Shiqi) 姪子
Zhuhai (Qianshan, Xiangzhou) 姪子
Zhuhai (Shangheng, Doumen; Tanka) 姪
Zhuhai (Doumen) 姪
Jiangmen (Baisha) 姪
Jiangmen (Xinhui) 姪
Taishan 姪仔, 姪
Enping (Niujiang) 姪仔
Heshan (Yayao) 姪
Dongguan 姪
Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an) 姪
Yangjiang 阿姪
Nanning 姪仔
Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 姪仔
Gan Nanchang 姪子
Lichuan 姪子, 姪崽
Pingxiang 姪子
Hakka Meixian 姪仔
Huizhou (Huicheng Bendihua) 阿姪
Dongguan (Qingxi) 姪仔
Shenzhen (Shatoujiao) 阿姪
Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui) 姪子
Guangzhou (Lütian, Conghua) 姪子
Changting 姪哩
Wuping 姪子
Ninghua 孫哩, 姪哩
Yudu 姪子, 老姪
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 姪仔
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 姪仔
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 姪仔
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 姪
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 姪仔, 姪
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 姪子, 孫仔
Hong Kong 姪子
Luchuan (Daqiao) 姪
Senai (Huiyang) 姪兒
Huizhou Jixi 姪仂
Shexian 姪的
Jin Taiyuan 姪兒子
Yangyuan 姪子, 姪兒
Datong 姪兒
Xinzhou 姪兒子
Lüliang (Lishi) 姪兒
Changzhi 姪兒
Linhe 姪兒子
Jining 姪兒
Hohhot 姪兒, 姪兒子
Erenhot 姪子, 姪兒
Pingshan 姪兒
Zhangjiakou 姪子
Handan 姪兒子
Linzhou 姪兒
Suide 姪兒子
Northern Min Jian'ou 孫仔
Nanping (Xiayang, Yanping) 孫仔
Songxi 孫仔
Zhenghe 孫仔
Shunchang (Yangdun) 孫仔
Jianyang 孫仔
Wuyishan 孫仔
Pucheng (Shibei) 孫仔
Eastern Min Fuzhou 姪, 孫
Fuzhou (Changle) 孫
Fuqing 孫, 姪
Yongtai 孫囝
Gutian 孫
Fu'an 孫
Ningde 孫囝
Shouning 孫囝
Zhouning 孫
Fuding 孫囝
Southern Min Xiamen 姪仔, 孫仔
Quanzhou 孫仔
Yongchun 孫囝
Zhangzhou 孫仔
Taipei 姪仔
New Taipei (Sanxia) 姪仔
Kaohsiung 姪仔, 孫仔
Yilan 姪仔, 孫仔
Changhua (Lukang) 姪仔, 孫仔
Taichung 姪仔, 孫仔
Tainan 叔孫仔, 姪仔, 孫仔
Hsinchu 孫仔
Kinmen 姪仔, 孫仔
Penghu (Magong) 姪仔, 孫仔
Penang (Hokkien) 孫仔
Singapore (Hokkien) 孫仔, 孫
Manila (Hokkien) 姪仔
Longyan 孫仔
Pingnan (Shangdu) 姪仔
Chaozhou 逗孫
Shantou 姪
Jieyang 逗孫
Puning 孫
Haifeng 姪, 孫仔
Bangkok (Teochew) 孫, 姪
Johor Bahru (Teochew) 孫
Leizhou 孫, 丈夫孫
Haikou 姪子
Puxian Min Putian (Donghai, Chengxiang) 阿姪, 孫
Central Min Yong'an 孫仔
Shaojiang Min Shaowu 孫兒
Guangze 孫子
Jiangle 孫子
Mingxi 孫子
Shunchang 孫子
Zhongshan Min Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi) 姪子
Southern Pinghua Nanning (Tingzi) 姪子
Waxiang Guzhang (Gaofeng) 姪子
Yuanling (Shaojiwan) 姪子
Wu Shanghai 阿姪, 姪子
Shanghai (Chongming) 阿姪
Suzhou 阿姪, 姪兒子
Danyang 姪子
Hangzhou 姪兒
Ningbo 阿姪
Wenzhou 阿姪
Jinhua 姪兒
Xiang Changsha 姪兒子, 姪兒, 姪子
Loudi 姪兒子
Shuangfeng 姪佬, 姪兒子
Hengyang 姪兒
Quanzhou 姪崽
Descendants
[edit]
  • → English: Sun, Suen, Soon
  • → Tagalog: Suan (via Hokkien), Soon (via Hokkien)
Compounds
[edit]

Pronunciation 2

[edit]

Definitions

[edit]

孫

  1. (literary) Alternative form of 遜／逊 (xùn)

Japanese

[edit]

Kanji

[edit]
孫

(Fourth grade kyōiku kanji)

  1. grandchild

Readings

[edit]
  • Go-on: そん (son, Jōyō)
  • Kan-on: そん (son, Jōyō)
  • Kun: まご (mago, 孫, Jōyō)
  • Nanori: さね (sane)、ただ (tada)、ひこ (hiko)、ひろ (hiro)

Etymology 1

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Kanji in this term
孫
むまご
Grade: 4
kun'yomi

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Noun

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孫(むまご) • (mumago) 

  1. grandchild

Etymology 2

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Kanji in this term
孫
うまご
Grade: 4
kun'yomi

/mumaɡo/ → /umaɡo/.

Noun

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孫(うまご) • (umago) 

  1. grandchild

Etymology 3

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Kanji in this term
孫
まご
Grade: 4
kun'yomi

/umaɡo/ → /maɡo/.

Pronunciation

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Noun

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孫(まご) • (mago) 

  1. grandchild
Derived terms
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Etymology 4

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Kanji in this term
孫
そん
Grade: 4
goon

From Middle Chinese 孫 (MC swon).

Pronunciation

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Noun

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孫(そん) • (son) 

  1. (rare) descendant (usually of a certain generation)
  2. (archaic) lineage; pedigree
  3. (archaic) grandchild

Compounds

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Korean

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Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

Wikisource


Etymology

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From Middle Chinese 孫 (MC swon). Recorded as Middle Korean 손 (swon) (Yale: swon) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

Hanja

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孫 (eumhun 손자 손 (sonja son))

  1. hanja form? of 손 (“grandchild”)
  2. hanja form? of 손 (“a surname.”)

Compounds

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Compounds

References

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  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [1]

Vietnamese

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Han character

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孫: Hán Việt readings: tôn[1][2][3], tốn[1]
孫: Nôm readings: cháu[4], tuôn[3]

grandchild

References

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Thiều Chửu (1942).
  2. ^ Nguyễn et al. (2009).
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Nguyễn (2014).
  4. ^ Trần (2004).
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