From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
Jump to navigation Jump to search
See also: , , , and
U+5E78, 幸
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5E78

[U+5E77]
CJK Unified Ideographs
[U+5E79]

Translingual[edit]

Stroke order
8 strokes

Han character[edit]

(Kangxi radical 51, +5, 8 strokes, cangjie input 土廿十 (GTJ), four-corner 40401, composition 𢆉)

Derived characters[edit]

References[edit]

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 341, character 1
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 9176
  • Dae Jaweon: page 649, character 9
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 434, character 8
  • Unihan data for U+5E78

Chinese[edit]

Glyph origin[edit]

Phono-semantic compound (形聲形声, OC *ɡreːŋʔ): phonetic (OC *kʰʷeːnʔ) + semantic . Original meaning is unclear. often appears as a component with a positive meaning. See , and .

Shuowen interprets it as an ideogrammic compound (會意会意): (opposite) + (death) – lucky to be alive; fortunate.

Etymology 1[edit]

simp. and trad.

Pronunciation[edit]



  • Dialectal data
Variety Location
Mandarin Beijing /ɕiŋ⁵¹/
Harbin /ɕiŋ⁵³/
Tianjin /ɕiŋ⁵³/
Jinan /ɕiŋ²¹/
Qingdao /ɕiŋ⁴²/
Zhengzhou /ɕiŋ³¹²/
Xi'an /ɕiŋ⁴⁴/
Xining /ɕiə̃²¹³/
Yinchuan /ɕiŋ¹³/
Lanzhou /ɕĩn¹³/
Ürümqi /ɕiŋ²¹³/
Wuhan /ɕin³⁵/
Chengdu /ɕin¹³/
Guiyang /ɕin²¹³/
Kunming /ɕĩ¹/
Nanjing /ɕin⁴⁴/
Hefei /ɕin⁵³/
Jin Taiyuan /ɕiəŋ⁴⁵/
Pingyao /ɕiŋ³⁵/
Hohhot /ɕĩŋ⁵⁵/
Wu Shanghai /ɦiŋ²³/
Suzhou /ɦin³¹/
Hangzhou /ɦin¹³/
Wenzhou /ɦɛ³⁵/
Hui Shexian /ɕiʌ̃²²/
Tunxi /xɛ²⁴/
Xiang Changsha /ɕin⁵⁵/
Xiangtan /ɕin⁵⁵/
Gan Nanchang /ɕin²¹/
Hakka Meixian /hen⁵³/
Taoyuan
Cantonese Guangzhou /hɐŋ²²/
Nanning /hɐŋ²²/
Hong Kong /hɐŋ²²/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /hiŋ²²/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /hɛiŋ²⁴²/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /xaiŋ⁴⁴/
Shantou (Teochew) /heŋ³⁵/
Haikou (Hainanese) /heŋ³³/

Rime
Character
Reading # 1/1
Initial () (33)
Final () (117)
Tone (調) Rising (X)
Openness (開合) Open
Division () II
Fanqie
Baxter heangX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang
/ɦˠɛŋX/
Pan
Wuyun
/ɦᵚæŋX/
Shao
Rongfen
/ɣɐŋX/
Edwin
Pulleyblank
/ɦəɨjŋX/
Li
Rong
/ɣɛŋX/
Wang
Li
/ɣæŋX/
Bernard
Karlgren
/ɣæŋX/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex
hèng
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex
hang6
BaxterSagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)
xìng
Middle
Chinese
‹ hɛngX ›
Old
Chinese
/*[ɡ]ˁreŋʔ/
English fortunate

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character
Reading # 1/1
No. 13881
Phonetic
component
Rime
group
Rime
subdivision
0
Corresponding
MC rime
Old
Chinese
/*ɡreːŋʔ/

Definitions[edit]

  1. by fluke; lucky
    alt. forms: (xìng)
  2. fortunate; lucky
    三生有  ―  sānshēngyǒuxìng  ―  to be very lucky
  3. luckily; fortunately
  4. to rejoice
    災樂禍灾乐祸  ―  xìngzāilèhuò  ―  to be gratified by others' misfortunes
  5. (literary) to hope; to wish
  6. (historical, of an emperor) to personally visit
  7. (literary) to favour; to dote on
  8. a surname
Synonyms[edit]
  • (to hope):

Compounds[edit]

Descendants[edit]

Sino-Xenic ():
  • Japanese: (こう) ()
  • Korean: 행(幸) (haeng)
  • Vietnamese: hạnh ()

Others:

Etymology 2[edit]

For pronunciation and definitions of – see (“to favor; to dote on; by fluke or chance; etc.”).
(This character is the simplified form of ).
Notes:

Etymology 3[edit]

For pronunciation and definitions of – see .
(This character is a variant form of ).

Japanese[edit]

Kanji[edit]

(grade 3 “Kyōiku” kanji)

Readings[edit]

Compounds[edit]

Etymology 1[edit]

Kanji in this term
こう
Grade: 3
on’yomi

/kau//kɔː//koː/

From Middle Chinese (hɛngX, literally lucky, fortunate, auspicious). The kan'on, so a later borrowing.

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

(こう) (

  1. good luck, good fortune; happiness
  2. an appearance by the emperor or a retired emperor
Usage notes[edit]

The good fortune and happiness senses are generally considered as overlapping.

Synonyms[edit]

Etymology 2[edit]

Kanji in this term
しあわせ
Grade: 3
kun’yomi
For pronunciation and definitions of – see the following entry.
しあわ
[adjective] happy
[adjective] fortunate, lucky
[noun] a moment when circumstances come together: fate, opportunity (used to indicate both good and bad instances)
[noun] happiness
[noun] good fortune, good luck
[noun] circumstances, the flow of events
Alternative spellings
仕合せ, 仕合わせ, 倖せ
(This term, , is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

Etymology 3[edit]

Kanji in this term
さいわい
Grade: 3
kun’yomi

/sakipapi//sakiɸaɸi//sakiwahi//sakiwai//saiwai/

Derived from sakiwai below.[2][1]

More often spelled as 幸い with the final to indicate the reading.

Alternative forms[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Adjective[edit]

(さいわい) (saiwaiさいはひ (saifafi)?-na (adnominal (さいわい) (saiwai na), adverbial (さいわい) (saiwai ni))

  1. very fortunate and happy, especially as bestowed by gods, spirits, buddhas, or other entities
  2. favorable, ideal (often used in polite constructions)
    (へん)()をいただければ(さいわ)です。
    O-henji o itadakereba saiwai desu.
    It would be favorable if I could have your reply. → I would greatly appreciate your reply.
Conjugation[edit]

Adverb[edit]

(さいわい) (saiwaiさいはひ (saifafi)?

  1. fortunately, luckily, happily
    (さいわい)怪我(けが)はなかった。
    Saiwai, kega wa nakatta.
    Luckily, no one was hurt.
Usage notes[edit]

When used as an adverb without a particle, this term usually comes at the start of the sentence. It also appears used with advervial particles (ni) and (to), or, perhaps more commonly, in an adverbial construction as 幸なことに.

Noun[edit]

(さいわい) (saiwaiさいはひ (saifafi)?

  1. very good fortune and happiness, especially as bestowed by gods, spirits, buddhas, or other entities
  2. an occurrence of good luck or good fortune
  3. (derivation unknown) the tail and back fins of a carp or other fish, as used in cooking
Synonyms[edit]

Etymology 4[edit]

Kanji in this term
さきわい
Grade: 3
kun’yomi
Alternative spelling
幸い

/sakipapi//sakiɸaɸi//sakiwahi//sakiwai/

The (れん)(よう)(けい) (ren'yōkei, continuative or stem form) of verb (さきわ) (sakiwau, to meet with good fortune; to prosper), itself a compound of (さき) (saki, good fortune, happiness) + () (hau), () (hau, to spread out widely).[2]

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

(さきわい) (sakiwaiさきはひ (sakifafi)?

  1. (obsolete) an occurrence of good luck or good fortune
  2. (obsolete) good luck or good fortune itself
Usage notes[edit]

Obsolete in modern Japanese, replaced by saiwai above.

Synonyms[edit]

Etymology 5[edit]

Kanji in this term
さき
Grade: 3
kun’yomi

From Old Japanese.[2] Possibly cognate with (saki, tip, point; future, ahead) from the idea of [favorable] future. Possibly also related to sachi / satsu below.

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

(さき) (saki

  1. (obsolete) good luck, good fortune; happiness
    • c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 18, poem 4095:
      大夫能 許己呂於毛保由 於保伎美能 美許登佐吉乎 聞者多布刀美
      大夫の 心思ほゆ 大君の 御言のを 聞けば貴み
      ますらをの こころおもほゆ おほきみの みことのさきを きけばたふとみ
      Masurawo no | kokoro omohoyu | Ohokimi no | mikoto no saki wo | kikeba tafutomi
      “Such manliness of spirit is brought to mind. How noble to hear of the happiness / good fortune of the words of the emperor...”
Usage notes[edit]

The good fortune and happiness senses are generally considered as overlapping.

Saki in this sense appears to be obsolete in modern Japanese.

Synonyms[edit]

Etymology 6[edit]

Kanji in this term
さちわい
Grade: 3
kun’yomi

/sat͡ɕipapi//sat͡ɕiɸaɸi//sat͡ɕiwahi//sat͡ɕiwai/

The 連用形 (ren'yōkei, continuative or stem form) of verb 幸う (sachiwau, to meet with good fortune; to prosper), itself a compound of (sachi below, “good fortune, happiness”) + 這う, 延う (hau, to spread out widely).[2]

Alternative forms[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

  • IPA(key): [sa̠t͡ɕiɰᵝa̠i]

Noun[edit]

(さちわい) (sachiwaiさちはひ (satifafi)?

  1. (obsolete, rare) an occurrence of good luck or good fortune
  2. (obsolete, rare) good luck or good fortune itself
Usage notes[edit]

Obsolete in modern Japanese, replaced by saiwai above. In historical Japanese, sachiwai appears to be a rarer variant of sakiwai above.

Synonyms[edit]

Etymology 7[edit]

Kanji in this term
さち
Grade: 3
kun’yomi

From Old Japanese.[2] Possibly cognate with Korean (sal, “arrow”). Possibly also related with saki above.

The kanji may have originally been applied to this word for the source Chinese term's associations with good fortune.

This is the standalone form of satsu below.

Pronunciation[edit]

Adjective[edit]

(さち) (sachi-na (adnominal (さち) (sachi na), adverbial (さち) (sachi ni))

  1. very fortunate and happy
Inflection[edit]

Noun[edit]

(さち) (sachi

  1. (archaic) a hunting implement; the spirit of a hunting implement
  2. a bounteous catch (for fishing), amply caught game (for hunting); food (specifically animal protein caught in the wild: fish or game)
  3. good fortune, good luck; happiness

Derived terms[edit]

Etymology 8[edit]

Kanji in this term
さつ
Grade: 3
kun’yomi

From Old Japanese.[2] Possibly cognate with Korean (sal, “arrow”). Possibly also related with saki above.

The kanji may have originally been applied to this word for the source Chinese term's associations with good fortune.

This is the bound form of sachi above. This form is only ever used in compounds. Possibly the original form.

Alternative forms[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Prefix[edit]

(さつ) (satsu-

  1. (obsolete) hunting, for hunting
    (さつ)()(さつ)(ゆみ)(さつ)(ひと)
    satsuya, satsuyumi, satsuhito
    a hunting arrow, a hunting bow, a hunter

References[edit]

  1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006) 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  2. 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 1988, 国語大辞典(新装版) (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan

Korean[edit]

Hanja[edit]

(eumhun 다행 (dahaeng haeng))

  1. Hanja form? of (fortune; good luck).

Vietnamese[edit]

Han character[edit]

: Hán Nôm readings: hạnh, may

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.