強

See also: 强 and 彊

Translingual

Alternative forms

• 强
• 彊

Etymology

Phono-semantic compound (形聲): phonetic 弘 + semantic 虫 (“insect”)

Han character

強 (radical 57 弓+8, 11 strokes, cangjie input 弓戈中戈 (NILI), four-corner 1323₆, composition ⿰弓𧈧)

References

• KangXi: page 359, character 23
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 9815
• Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 2, page 999, character 7
• Unihan data for U+5F37

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Chinese

		-
trad.		強
simp.		强

Pronunciation 1

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): qiáng (qiang²)

  (Zhuyin): ㄑㄧㄤˊ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): koeng⁴
• Hakka (Pha̍k-fa-sṳ): khiòng
• Min Nan (POJ): kiông / kiūⁿ
• Wu (WT Romanisation): jian (T3)

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese, Beijing)⁺
    • Pinyin: qiáng
    • Zhuyin: ㄑㄧㄤˊ
    • Wade-Giles: ch'iang²
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chyang
    • IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕʰi̯ɑŋ³⁵/

    • (file)

• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
    • Jyutping: koeng⁴
    • Yale: kèuhng
    • Cantonese Pinyin: koeng⁴
    • IPA ^(key): /kʰœːŋ²¹/
• Hakka
  • Romanisations:
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: khiòng
    • IPA (Siyen, incl. Miaoli): /kʰi̯oŋ¹¹/
• Min Nan
  • (Hokkien)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kiông / kiūⁿ
    • Tâi-lô: kiông / kiūnn
    • IPA (Taipei): /kiɔŋ²³/, /kiũ³³/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /kiɔŋ¹³/, /kiũ²²/
• Wu
  • (Shanghainese)
    • WT Romanisation: jian (T3)
    • IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕiã²³/

Middle Chinese pronunciation (強, reconstructed)
Character (強), Pronunciation 1/1
Initial: 群 (30) Final: 陽 Division: III			Openness: Open Tone: Level (Ø)			Fanqie: 巨良切
Zhengzhang Shangfang	Bernard Karlgren	Li Rong	Pan Wuyun	Edwin Pulleyblank	Wang Li	Shao Rongfen
/ɡɨɐŋ/	/gi̯aŋ/	/ɡiaŋ/	/ɡiɐŋ/	/gɨaŋ/	/ɡĭaŋ/	/ɡiɑŋ/

Old Chinese pronunciation (強, reconstructed)

Definitions

強

1. strong, powerful, energetic
2. slightly more than; plus

   你做了多少了？……四分之一強。 [MSC, trad.]

   你做了多少了？……四分之一强。 [MSC, simp.]

   Nǐ zuò le duōshào le?...... Sì fēnzhī yī qiáng. [Pinyin]

   How much have you done?...A bit more than a fourth.

Antonyms

• 弱

Pronunciation 2

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): Jiàng (Jiang⁴)

  (Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄤˋ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): goeng⁶
• Wu (WT Romanisation): jian (T3)

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese, Beijing)⁺
    • Pinyin: Jiàng
    • Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄤˋ
    • Wade-Giles: chiang⁴
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: Jianq
    • IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵¹/

    • 175px

      (file)

• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
    • Jyutping: goeng⁶
    • Yale: geuhng
    • Cantonese Pinyin: goeng⁶
    • IPA ^(key): /kœːŋ²²/
• Wu
  • (Shanghainese)
    • WT Romanisation: jian (T3)
    • IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕiã²³/

Definitions

強

1. A surname​.

Pronunciation 3

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): qiǎng (qiang³)

  (Zhuyin): ㄑㄧㄤˇ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): koeng⁴
• Wu (WT Romanisation): jian (T3)

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese, Beijing)⁺
    • Pinyin: qiǎng
    • Zhuyin: ㄑㄧㄤˇ
    • Wade-Giles: ch'iang³
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: cheang
    • IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕʰi̯ɑŋ²¹⁴/

    • 175px

      (file)

• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
    • Jyutping: koeng⁴
    • Yale: kèuhng
    • Cantonese Pinyin: koeng⁴
    • IPA ^(key): /kʰœːŋ²¹/
• Wu
  • (Shanghainese)
    • WT Romanisation: jian (T3)
    • IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕiã²³/

Definitions

強

1. to strive

   勉強 / 勉强  ―  miǎnqiǎng  ―  to force somebody to do something

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Japanese

Kanji

強

(grade 2 “Kyōiku” kanji)

1. strong
2. powerful
3. potent

Readings

• Goon: ごう (gō) < がう (gau)
• Kan’on: きょう (kyō) < きやう (kyau)
• Tōon: がん (gan) (non-Jōyō reading)
• Kun: つよい (tsuyoi), しいる (shiiru), つよまる (tsuyomaru)

Compounds

• 強力 “brute strength”
• 強力無双である “Herculean strength”

Compounds

Derived terms

頑強 (がんきょう, gankyō) 強圧 (きょうあつ, kyōatsu) 強化 (きょうか, kyōka) 強悍 (きょうかん, kyōkan) 強諫 (こうれん, kōren) 強顔 (きょうがん, kyōgan) 強幹弱枝 (きょうかんじゃくし, kyōkanjakushi) 強記 (きょうき, kyōki) 強禦 (きょうぎょ, kyōgyo) 強圉 (きょうぎょ, kyōgyo) 強肩 (きょうけん, kyōken) 強健 (きょうけん, kyōken) 強権 (きょうけん, kyōken) 強固 (きょうこ, kyōko) 強行 (きょうこう, kyōkō) 強攻 (きょうこう, kyōkō) 強硬 (きょうこう, kyōkō) 強梗 (きょうこう, kyōkō) 強豪 (きょうごう, kyōgō) 強行軍 (きょうこうぐん, kyōkōgun) 強仕 (きょうし, kyōshi) 強死 (きょうし, kyōshi) 強志 (きょうし, kyōshi) 強弱 (きょうじゃく, kyōjaku) 強襲 (きょうしゅう, kyōshū) 強恕 (きょうじょ, kyōjo) 強靭 (きょうじん, kyōjin) 強制 (きょうせい, kyōsei) 強請 (きょうせい, kyōsei) 強僭 (きょうせん, kyōsen) 強壮 (きょうそう, kyōsō) 強大 (きょうだい, kyōdai) 強調 (きょうちょう, kyōchō) 強弩 (きょうど, kyōdo) 強忍 (きょうにん, kyōnin) 強迫 (きょうはく, kyōhaku) 強迫観念 (きょうはくかんねん, kyōhakukannen) 強半 (きょうはん, kyōhan) 強風 (きょうふう, kyōhū) 強弁 (きょうべん, kyōben) 強暴 (きょうぼう, kyōbō) 強要 (きょうよう, kyōyō) 強梁 (きょうりょう, kyōryō) 強力 (きょうりょく, kyōryoku) 強烈 (きょうれつ, kyōretsu) 屈強 (くっきょう, kukkyō) 堅強 (けんきょう, kenkyō) 牽強 (けんきょう, kenkyō) 件強 (けんきょう, kenkyō) 強引 (ごういん, gōin) 強姦 (ごうかん, gōkan) 強情 (ごうじょう, gōjō) 強訴 (ごうそ, gōso) 強奪 (ごうだつ, gōdatsu) 強談 (ごうだん, gōdan) 強談威迫 (ごうだにはく, gōdanihaku) 強盗 (ごうとう, gōtō) 強飯 (こわめし, kowameshi) 強欲 (ごうよく, gōyoku) 強力犯 (ごうりきはん, gōrikihan) 強強 (つよつよ, tsuyotsuyo) 強談判 (こわだんぱん, kowadanpan) 強面 (こわもて, kowamote) 強気 (つよき, tsuyoki) 強腰 (つよごし, tsuyogosi) 強吟 (つよぎん, tsuyogin) 富強 (ふきょう, hukyō) 勉強 (べんきょう, benkyō) 補強 (ほきょう, hokyō) 列強 (れっきょう, rekkyō)

Proper noun

強 (hiragana つよし, romaji Tsuyoshi)

1. A male given name

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Korean

Hanja

強 (gang) (hangeul 강, McCune-Reischauer kang, Yale kang)

1. This entry needs a definition. Please add one, then remove {{defn}}.

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Vietnamese

Han character

• Hán Việt: cường, cưỡng
• Nôm: càng, cượng, cướng, gắng, cường, gàn, ngượng, cưỡng, gương, gượng, gàng

Compounds

• 強國 (cường quốc)

Adverb

強 (càng)

1. With a comparative or verb phrase, establishes a parallel with one or more other such comparatives.
   • 18th–19th century: Hồ Xuân Hương, "Vịnh quạt" [1][2]

     強(càng)燶(nóng)包(bao)饒(nhiêu)辰(thời)強(càng)沫(mát)/要(yêu)店(đêm)諸(chưa)斐(phỉ)吏(lại)要(yêu)𣈜(ngày)

     The hotter you get, the more refreshing you get / It wasn’t enough to love at night, now we love during the day.

2. all the more, all the less

References

• Lê Sơn Thanh, "Nom-Viet.dat", WinVNKey (details)
• Thiều Chửu : Hán Việt Tự Điển Hà Nội 1942
• Trần Văn Chánh: Từ Điển Hán Việt NXB Trẻ, Ho Chi Minh Ville, 1999
• Vũ Văn Kính: Đại Tự Điển Chữ Nôm , NXB Văn Nghệ, Ho Chi Minh Ville, 1999