涵

涵 U+6DB5, 涵 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6DB5 ← 涴 [U+6DB4] CJK Unified Ideographs 涶 → [U+6DB6]

Translingual

Han character

涵 (Kangxi radical 85, 水+8, 11 strokes, cangjie input 水弓山水 (ENUE), four-corner 3117₂, composition ⿰氵函)

Derived characters

• 𦶷, 𥲌

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 628, character 13
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 17595
• Dae Jaweon: page 1030, character 5
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 1665, character 4
• Unihan data for U+6DB5

Chinese

trad.		涵
simp. #		涵

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 涵
Shang	Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)	Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script	Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts

Characters in the same phonetic series (函) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
蜬	*kuːm, *ɡuːm
函	*ɡuːm, *ɡruːm
涵	*ɡuːm, *ɡuːmʔ
顄	*ɡuːm, *ɡuːmʔ
圅	*ɡuːm
菡	*ɡuːmʔ

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): hán (han²)

  (Zhuyin): ㄏㄢˊ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): haam⁴
• Hakka

  (Sixian, PFS): hàm

  (Meixian, Guangdong): ham²

• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): âm / âⁿ / hâm

  (Teochew, Peng'im): ham⁵

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: hán
    • Zhuyin: ㄏㄢˊ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: hán
    • Wade–Giles: han²
    • Yale: hán
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: harn
    • Palladius: хань (xanʹ)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /xän³⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: haam⁴
    • Yale: hàahm
    • Cantonese Pinyin: haam⁴
    • Guangdong Romanization: ham⁴
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /haːm²¹/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: hàm
    • Hakka Romanization System: hamˇ
    • Hagfa Pinyim: ham²
    • Sinological IPA: /ham¹¹/
  • (Meixian)
    • Guangdong: ham²
    • Sinological IPA: /ham¹¹/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: âm
    • Tâi-lô: âm
    • Phofsit Daibuun: aam
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /am¹³/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /am²³/
    • IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou, Taipei): /am²⁴/
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: âⁿ
    • Tâi-lô: ânn
    • Phofsit Daibuun: vaa
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /ã¹³/
    • IPA (Quanzhou, Xiamen): /ã²⁴/
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hâm
    • Tâi-lô: hâm
    • Phofsit Daibuun: haam
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /ham²³/
    • IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou, Taipei): /ham²⁴/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /ham¹³/

Note:

• âm/âⁿ - vernacular;
• hâm - literary.

• (Teochew)
  • Peng'im: ham⁵
  • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: hâm
  • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ham⁵⁵/

---

• Middle Chinese: hom, homX

Rime
Character	涵	涵
Reading #	1/2	2/2
Initial (聲)	匣 (33)	匣 (33)
Final (韻)	覃 (159)	覃 (159)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	I	I
Fanqie	胡男切	胡感切
Baxter	hom	homX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ɦʌm/	/ɦʌmX/
Pan Wuyun	/ɦəm/	/ɦəmX/
Shao Rongfen	/ɣɒm/	/ɣɒmX/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ɦəm/	/ɦəmX/
Li Rong	/ɣᴀm/	/ɣᴀmX/
Wang Li	/ɣɒm/	/ɣɒmX/
Bernard Karlgren	/ɣăm/	/ɣămX/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	hán	hàn
Expected Cantonese Reflex	ham4	ham6

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*[ɡ]ˤ[o]m/

  (Zhengzhang): /*ɡuːm/, /*ɡuːmʔ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	涵
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	hán
Middle Chinese	‹ hom ›
Old Chinese	/*[ɡ]ˁ[o]m/
English	soak, overflow
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	涵	涵
Reading #	1/2	2/2
No.	4862	4867
Phonetic component	函	函
Rime group	侵	侵
Rime subdivision	3	3
Corresponding MC rime	含	頷
Old Chinese	/*ɡuːm/	/*ɡuːmʔ/

Definitions

涵

1. to soak; to wet
2. to tolerate; to forgive; to be lenient
3. to immerse
4. a culvert
5. Alternative form of 含 (“to contain, to bear”)

Compounds

• 內涵／内涵 (nèihán)
• 包涵 (bāohán)
• 包涵兒／包涵儿
• 海涵 (hǎihán)
• 涵化 (hánhuà)
• 涵咀
• 涵容
• 涵泳
• 涵洞 (hándòng)
• 涵淹
• 涵濡
• 涵煦
• 涵管
• 涵義／涵义 (hányì)
• 涵蓋／涵盖 (hángài)
• 涵蓄 (hánxù)
• 涵虛／涵虚
• 涵養／涵养 (hányǎng)
• 渾涵／浑涵
• 箱涵
• 茹古涵今
• 蘊涵／蕴涵 (yùnhán)

 

Japanese

Kanji

涵

(uncommon “Hyōgai” kanji)

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Readings

• On (unclassified): かん (kan)
• Kun: ひたす (hitasu, 涵す)

Korean

Hanja

涵 (eum 함 (ham))

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Vietnamese

Han character

涵: Hán Nôm readings: hàm

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References

• Nom Foundation