無

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See also: 无 and 🈚
無 U+7121, 無
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7121
← 焠
[U+7120] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 焢 →
[U+7122]

Translingual[edit]

Stroke order
(cursive)
The character 無 in semi-cursive script.

Han character[edit]

無 (Kangxi radical 86, 火+8, 12 strokes, cangjie input 人廿火 (OTF), four-corner 80331, composition ⿱⿳𠂉卌一灬)

Derived characters[edit]

Related characters[edit]

Further reading[edit]

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 673, character 26
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 19113
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1081, character 24
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 2211, character 15
  • Unihan data for U+7121

Chinese[edit]

trad. 無
simp. 无
alternative forms
 
𭴿
橆
𣞤
𣟒
𬻜
𭴿
橆
𣞤
𣟒
𬻜
𬻝
𭴾
𤍍
𣞣
𫡟
𣠮
𡙻
𤀢
𰙄
𰙈
𣑨
𣚨
𠘩
㷻／𭴊
Wikipedia has articles on:
  • 無 (Written Standard Chinese?)
  • Mò̤ (Eastern Min)

Glyph origin[edit]

Historical forms of the character 無
Shang Western Zhou Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Chu slip and silk script Qin slip script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (無) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
墲 *m̥ʰaː, *maː, *ma
橅 *maː
膴 *hmaː, *ma, *maʔ
幠 *hmaː
鄦 *hmaʔ
撫 *m̥ʰaʔ
無 *ma
瞴 *ma, *maʔ
蕪 *ma
璑 *ma
鷡 *ma
譕 *ma
憮 *ma, *maʔ
舞 *maʔ
廡 *maʔ
嫵 *maʔ
甒 *maʔ
潕 *maʔ
儛 *maʔ

Pictogram (象形) . A man dancing with something long held in both hands.

This character is borrowed for “have no”, and the character 舞 (wǔ) is used for the original sense.

Etymology 1[edit]

Core Sino–Tibetan. From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ma (“no, not”); cognate with Tibetan མ་ (ma, “not”) and Burmese မ (ma., “not”).

Cognate with:

  • 微 (OC *mɯl, “not, no”)
  • 毋 (OC *ma, “do not”)
  • 勿 (OC *mɯd, “not, don't”)
  • 未 (OC *mɯds, “not yet, haven't”)
  • 靡 (OC *mralʔ, “not, no”)
  • 亡 (OC *maŋ, “not have; to flee, to disappear, to die”)
  • 沒 (OC *mɯːd, “to end, to disappear, to drown”)
  • 莫 (OC *maːɡ, “none, nobody, nothing; do not; can not”)

Attested profusely in Classical Chinese, this word is the prototypical negation particle in the *m- series of Chinese negatives. In the oracle bone script, however, 無 is not frequently used, and its homophone (or near-homophone) 毋 (OC *ma) is used instead.

See 不 (OC *pɯ, *pɯʔ, *pɯ', “not”) for more on negative particles in Old Chinese.

Pronunciation[edit]

Note:
  • Sixian:
    • mò - colloquial;
    • vù - literary.
  • Meixian:
    • mo2 - colloquial;
    • vu2 - literary.
Note:
  • maǔ - colloquial (also written as 毛);
  • ǔ - literary.
Note:
  • mò̤ - colloquial (also written as 毛);
  • ù - literary.
Note:
  • bô - colloquial;
  • bû - literary.
Note:
  • bho5 - colloquial;
  • bhu5 - literary.
Note:
  • 3hhmm - colloquial;
  • 3hhu - literary.
    Rime
    Character 無
    Reading # 1/1
    Initial (聲) 明 (4)
    Final (韻) 虞 (24)
    Tone (調) Level (Ø)
    Openness (開合) Closed
    Division (等) III
    Fanqie 武夫切
    Baxter mju
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/mɨo/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/mio/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/mio/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/muə̆/
    Li
    Rong         		/mio/
    Wang
    Li         		/mĭu/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/mi̯u/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		wú
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex         		mou4
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 無 無 無
    Reading # 1/3 2/3 3/3
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		wú wú wú
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ mju › ‹ mju › ‹ mju ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*ma/ /*ma/ /*mo/
    English not have volitional prefix don’t

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 無
    Reading # 1/1
    No. 13117
    Phonetic
    component         		無
    Rime
    group         		魚
    Rime
    subdivision         		0
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		無
    Old
    Chinese         		/*ma/

    Definitions[edit]

    無

    1. (literary or Hakka, Min) to not have something; there is not ...
      天空無雲。／天空无云。  ―  Tiānkōng wú yún.  ―  There is no cloud in the sky.
      我無零星錢。 [Hokkien, trad.]
      我无零星钱。 [Hokkien, simp.]
      Góa bô lân-san-chîⁿ [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]
      I don't have any change.
    2. (literary or Min) Negation particle preceding verbs and adjectives. not
      無可／无可  ―  wúkě  ―  can't
      我無求於你。／我无求于你。  ―  Wǒ wú qiú yú nǐ.  ―  I want nothing from you.
    3. (literary or Min) have not
      我無共伊講。 [Hokkien, trad.]
      我无共伊讲。 [Hokkien, simp.]
      Góa bô kā i kóng. [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]
      I didn't tell him.
    4. (literary or Hakka, Min) Interrogative particle.
    5. (Hakka, Min) if not; otherwise (placed at the start of a sentence)
    6. (Hokkien, Teochew) Particle used after a verb to indicate that a goal has not or cannot been accomplished.
      看無／看无 [Hokkien]  ―  khòaⁿ-bô [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]  ―  to not understand (when reading or viewing); to be unable to see
      只個字在字典揣無。 [Teochew, trad.]
      只个字在字典揣无。 [Teochew, simp.]
      zi2 gai7 ri7 do6 ri7 diêng2 cuê7 bho5. [Peng'im]
      You can't find this word in the dictionary.
    7. † regardless of; no matter whether
    8. † nothing; nil
      從無到有／从无到有  ―  cóng wú dào yǒu  ―  start from nothing, from scratch
    9. † Alternative form of 毋 (wú, “do not”)
    10. without; -less; un-
      無情／无情  ―  wúqíng  ―  heartless
      無理／无理  ―  wúlǐ  ―  unreasonable
      無邊／无边  ―  wúbiān  ―  unlimited
    Synonyms[edit]
    Dialectal synonyms of 沒有 (“to not have (+ noun)”) [map]
    Variety Location Words
    Classical Chinese 無, 無有
    Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 沒有
    Mandarin Beijing 沒有, 沒
    Taiwan 沒有, 沒
    Jinan 沒有, 沒
    Xi'an 沒有
    Wuhan 冇得
    Chengdu 沒得
    Guilin 沒得
    Yangzhou 不得, 沒得
    Hefei 沒
    Malaysia 沒有, 沒
    Singapore 沒有, 沒
    Dagudi (Maliba) 不有
    Reshuitang (Longling) 不有
    Mae Salong (Lancang) 不有
    Mae Sai (Tengchong) 不有
    Cantonese Guangzhou 冇, 冇有
    Hong Kong 冇
    Taishan 冇
    Hepu (Lianzhou) 冇有
    Hepu (Shatian) 冇有
    Beihai 冇, 冇有
    Beihai (Nankang) 冇
    Beihai (Yingpan) 冇有
    Beihai (Qiaogang - Cô Tô) 冇, 冇有
    Beihai (Qiaogang - Cát Bà) 冇, 冇有
    Fangchenggang (Fangcheng) 冇, 冇有
    Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 冇
    Penang (Guangfu) 冇
    Singapore (Guangfu) 冇
    Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu) 冇
    Móng Cái 冇, 冇有
    Gan Nanchang 冒有, 冇
    Hakka Meixian 無
    Miaoli (N. Sixian) 無
    Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 無
    Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 無
    Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 無
    Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 無
    Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 無
    Singapore (Dabu) 無
    Huizhou Jixi 沒
    Jin Taiyuan 沒, 沒啦
    Northern Min Jian'ou 無
    Eastern Min Fuzhou 無
    Singapore (Fuqing) 無
    Sitiawan (Gutian) 無
    Southern Min Xiamen 無
    Quanzhou 無
    Zhangzhou 無
    Zhao'an 無
    Taipei 無
    New Taipei (Sanxia) 無
    Kaohsiung 無
    Yilan 無
    Changhua (Lukang) 無
    Taichung 無
    Tainan 無
    Hsinchu 無
    Kinmen 無
    Penghu (Magong) 無
    Penang (Hokkien) 無
    Singapore (Hokkien) 無
    Manila (Hokkien) 無
    Chaozhou 無
    Shantou 無
    Shantou (Chaoyang) 無
    Jieyang 無
    Haifeng 無
    Bangkok (Teochew) 無
    Singapore (Teochew) 無
    Batam (Teochew) 無
    Pontianak (Teochew) 無
    Wenchang 無
    Qionghai 無
    Singapore (Hainanese) 無
    Zhongshan Min Shaxi (Longdu) 無
    Wu Shanghai 嘸沒, 嘸 dated
    Suzhou 嘸不
    Hangzhou 沒有
    Hangzhou (Yuhang) 嘸不
    Shaoxing 唔有
    Ningbo 嘸沒, 嘸 dated
    Wenzhou 冇
    Jinhua 嘸, 嘸沒
    Xiang Changsha 冇得, 冇
    Shuangfeng 冇得
    Dialectal synonyms of 不 (“not”) [map]
    Variety Location Words
    Classical Chinese 不, 弗, 毋, 勿, 莫, 否, 未
    Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 不
    Mandarin Beijing 不
    Taiwan 不
    Tianjin 不
    Chengde 不
    Tangshan 不
    Cangzhou 不
    Baoding 不
    Shijiazhuang 不
    Chifeng 不
    Hulunbuir (Hailar) 不
    Heihe 不
    Qiqihar 不
    Harbin 不
    Jiamusi 不
    Baicheng 不
    Changchun 不
    Tonghua 不
    Shenyang 不
    Dandong 不
    Jinzhou 不
    Dalian 不
    Yantai 不
    Yantai (Muping) 不
    Qingdao 不
    Lijin 不
    Zhucheng 不
    Jinan 不
    Luoyang 不
    Wanrong 不
    Shangqiu 不
    Yuanyang 不
    Zhengzhou 不
    Lingbao 不
    Xinyang 不
    Baihe 不
    Xi'an 不
    Baoji 不
    Yinchuan 不
    Tianshui 不
    Lanzhou 不
    Dunhuang 不
    Xining 不
    Hami 不
    Ürümqi 不
    Wuhan 不
    Yichang 不
    Xiangyang 不
    Tianmen 不
    Hong'an 不
    Chengdu 不
    Nanchong 不
    Dazhou 不
    Hanyuan 不
    Xichang 不
    Zigong 不
    Chongqing 不
    Guiyang 不
    Zunyi 不
    Bijie 不
    Zhaotong 不
    Dali 不
    Kunming 不
    Mengzi 不
    Guilin 不
    Liuzhou 沒, 不
    Changde 不
    Anqing 不
    Xuzhou 不
    Fuyang 不
    Wuhu 不
    Yangzhou 不
    Lianyungang 不
    Lianshui 不
    Nanjing 不
    Hefei 不
    Nantong 不
    Malaysia 不
    Singapore 不
    Cantonese Guangzhou 唔
    Hong Kong 唔
    Macau 唔
    Taishan 唔
    Dongguan 唔
    Yangjiang 無
    Hepu (Lianzhou) 冇
    Hepu (Shatian) 冇
    Beihai 冇
    Beihai (Nankang) 冇
    Beihai (Yingpan) 冇
    Beihai (Qiaogang - Cô Tô) 冇
    Beihai (Qiaogang - Cát Bà) 冇
    Fangchenggang (Fangcheng) 冇
    Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 唔
    Singapore (Guangfu) 唔
    Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu) 唔
    Móng Cái 冇
    Gan Nanchang 不
    Lichuan 不
    Pingxiang 毋
    Jianning 唔
    Hakka Meixian 唔
    Xingning 唔
    Huidong (Daling) 唔
    Shaoguan (Qujiang) 唔
    Lianshan (Xiaosanjiang) 唔
    Changting 唔
    Shanghang 唔
    Wuping 唔
    Wuping (Pingyu) 唔
    Liancheng 唔
    Ninghua 唔, 不
    Qingliu 唔
    Yudu 唔
    Ruijin 唔
    Shicheng 唔
    Shangyou (Shexi) 唔
    Miaoli (N. Sixian) 毋
    Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 毋
    Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 毋
    Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 毋
    Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 毋
    Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 毋
    Huizhou Jixi 不
    Shexian 不
    Jin Taiyuan 不
    Yangyuan 不
    Datong 不
    Xinzhou 不
    Lishi 不
    Linfen 不
    Changzhi 不
    Linhe 不
    Jining 不
    Hohhot 不
    Erenhot 不
    Pingshan 不
    Zhangjiakou 不
    Handan 不
    Linzhou 不
    Suide 不
    Northern Min Jian'ou 伓, 𣍐
    Songxi 唔, 𣍐
    Zhenghe 唔, 𣍐
    Pucheng (Shibei) 伓, 𣍐
    Eastern Min Fuzhou 伓, 𣍐
    Changle 伓, 𣍐
    Lianjiang 伓, 𣍐
    Fuqing 伓, 𣍐
    Pingtan 伓, 𣍐
    Yongtai 伓, 𣍐
    Minqing 伓, 𣍐
    Gutian 伓, 𣍐
    Pingnan 伓, 𣍐
    Luoyuan 伓, 𣍐
    Fu'an 伓, 𣍐
    Ningde 伓, 𣍐
    Xiapu 伓, 𣍐
    Zherong 伓, 𣍐
    Shouning 伓, 𣍐
    Zhouning 伓, 𣍐
    Fuding 伓, 𣍐
    Matsu 伓, 𣍐
    Southern Min Xiamen 毋, 𣍐, 無
    Xiamen (Tong'an) 毋, 𣍐, 無
    Quanzhou 毋, 𣍐, 無
    Jinjiang 毋, 𣍐, 無
    Nan'an 毋, 𣍐, 無
    Shishi 毋, 𣍐, 無
    Hui'an 毋, 𣍐, 無
    Anxi 毋, 𣍐, 無
    Yongchun 毋, 𣍐, 無
    Dehua 毋, 𣍐, 無
    Zhangzhou 毋, 𣍐, 無
    Zhangzhou (Longhai) 毋, 𣍐, 無
    Zhangzhou (Changtai) 毋, 𣍐, 無
    Hua'an 毋, 𣍐, 無
    Nanjing 毋, 𣍐, 無
    Pinghe 毋, 𣍐, 無
    Zhangpu 毋, 𣍐, 無
    Yunxiao 毋, 𣍐, 無
    Zhao'an 毋, 𣍐, 無
    Dongshan 毋, 𣍐, 無
    Taipei 毋, 𣍐, 無
    Kaohsiung 毋, 𣍐, 無
    Tainan 毋, 𣍐, 無
    Kinmen 毋, 𣍐, 無
    Penang (Hokkien) 毋, 𣍐, 無
    Singapore (Hokkien) 毋, 𣍐, 無
    Manila (Hokkien) 毋, 𣍐, 無
    Datian 毋, 𣍐
    Chaozhou 唔, 𣍐, 無
    Shantou 唔, 𣍐, 無
    Jieyang 唔
    Haifeng 唔
    Singapore (Teochew) 唔, 𣍐, 無
    Batam (Teochew) 唔, 𣍐, 無
    Pontianak (Teochew) 唔
    Leizhou 伓
    Wenchang 無
    Haikou 無
    Singapore (Hainanese) 無
    Puxian Min Putian 伓, 𣍐
    Xianyou 伓, 𣍐
    Central Min Yong'an 伓, 𣍐
    Shaxian 伓, 𣍐
    Shaojiang Min Shaowu 冒, 唔
    Guangze 唔
    Jiangle 唔
    Mingxi 唔
    Southern Pinghua Nanning (Tingzi) 冇
    Wu Shanghai 勿
    Shanghai (Chongming) 弗, 勿
    Suzhou 弗
    Wuxi 弗
    Danyang 弗
    Hangzhou 不
    Ningbo 勿, 嘸沒
    Wenzhou 不
    Lishui 弗
    Qingyuan 否
    Jinhua 弗
    Xiang Changsha 不, 唔
    Loudi 不
    Shuangfeng 不
    Dialectal synonyms of 不到 (“cannot (particle)”) [map]
    Variety Location Words
    Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 不到
    Mandarin Taiwan 不到
    Malaysia 不到
    Singapore 不到
    Cantonese Guangzhou 唔到
    Hong Kong 唔到
    Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 唔到
    Penang (Guangfu) 唔到
    Singapore (Guangfu) 唔到
    Southern Min Xiamen 無
    Taipei 無 GT
    Penang (Hokkien) 無
    Singapore (Hokkien) 無
    Jieyang 無
    Singapore (Teochew) 無
    Wu Shanghai 弗著
    Suzhou 弗著
    Ningbo 弗著
    Note GT - General Taiwanese (no specific region identified)
    See also[edit]
    • (interrogative particle) 未 (wèi), 嗎／吗 (ma), 否 (fǒu)

    Compounds[edit]

    Descendants[edit]

    Sino-Xenic (無):
    • → Japanese: 無(む) (mu); 無(ぶ) (bu)
    • → Korean: 무(無) (mu)
    • → Vietnamese: vô (無)
  • → Peranakan Indonesian: bo

    • Etymology 2[edit]

    trad. 無
    simp. 无
    alternative forms 嘸／呒

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Definitions[edit]

    無

    1. Only used in 南無／南无 (nāmó).

    Compounds[edit]

    Etymology 3[edit]

    For pronunciation and definitions of 無 – see 冇 (“to not have; to not exist; etc.”).
    (This character is a variant form of 冇).

    Further reading[edit]

    Japanese[edit]

    Kanji[edit]

    無

    (grade 4 “Kyōiku” kanji)

    1. nothing
    2. nothingness
    3. none
    4. nil
    5. not

    Readings[edit]

    Compounds[edit]

    Compounds

    Etymology 1[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    無
    む
    Grade: 4
    goon
    Alternative spelling
    无

    From Middle Chinese 無 (MC mju). The 呉音 (goon), so likely an earlier borrowing.

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Noun[edit]

    無(む) • (mu) 

    1. nothing, nothingness
    2. (Buddhism) mu; the null set: neither yes nor no (in response to a koan or other question that mistakenly assumes an affirmative or negative answer).
    Descendants[edit]
    • → English: mu

    Prefix[edit]

    無(む) • (mu-) 

    1. non-, un-

    Etymology 2[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    無
    ぶ
    Grade: 4
    kan’on

    From Middle Chinese 無 (bu). The 漢音 (kan'on), so likely a later borrowing.

    Prefix[edit]

    無(ぶ) • (bu-) 

    1. non-, un-

    References[edit]

    1. ^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK Publishing, →ISBN

    Korean[edit]

    Alternative forms[edit]

    Yakja (略字, simplified cursive) form of 無.

    Etymology[edit]

    From Middle Chinese 無 (MC mju). Recorded as Middle Korean 무 (mwu) (Yale: mwu) in Sinjeung Yuhap (新增類合 / 신증유합), 1576.

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Hanja[edit]

    Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

    Wikisource

    無 (eumhun 없을 무 (eopseul mu))

    1. Hanja form? of 무 (“nothing”).
    2. Hanja form? of 무 (“no; non”).
    3. Hanja form? of 무 (“(Buddhism) the null set: neither yes nor no (in response to a koan or a question that mistakenly assumes an affirmative or negative answer)”).

    Compounds[edit]

    Compounds

    References[edit]

    • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [2]

    Vietnamese[edit]

    Han character[edit]

    無: Hán Việt readings: vô[1][2][3][4], mô[2]
    無: Nôm readings: vô[1][2][4][5], mô[2][6][4]

    1. chữ Hán form of vô (“without; -less; un-”).

    Compounds[edit]

    Derived terms

    References[edit]

    1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Nguyễn (2014).
    2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
    3. ^ Trần (2004).
    4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Bonet (1899).
    5. ^ Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).
    6. ^ Hồ (1976).
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