爾
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Translingual[edit]
| Stroke order (Sans-serif) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
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| Traditional | 爾 |
|---|---|
| Shinjitai (extended) |
尓 |
| Simplified | 尔 |
Han character[edit]
爾 (Kangxi radical 89, 爻+10, 14 strokes, cangjie input 一火月大 (MFBK), four-corner 10227, composition ⿱一⿱八⿻巾㸚)
Derived characters[edit]
- 儞, 邇, 𦢈, 𠧌, 彌, 𢣚, 𢣭, 禰, 穪, 襧, 䌤, 薾, 籋, 濔, 獮, 隬 檷, 𩰞, 嬭, 趰, 躎, 鑈, 𡁠, 镾, 擟, 覼, 鸍, 壐, 璽, 蠒, 𨤻, 䦵, 鿛, 鿜, 鿝, 鿞, 鿠, 鿡, 鿥, 鿧, 鿨, 鿩, 𪓿
Descendants[edit]
Further reading[edit]
- Kangxi Dictionary: page 691, character 4
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 19750
- Dae Jaweon: page 1104, character 3
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 27, character 1
- Unihan data for U+723E
Chinese[edit]
Glyph origin[edit]
| Historical forms of the character 爾 | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Shang | Western Zhou | Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) |
| Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Chu slip and silk script | Small seal script |
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Pictogram (象形) – cloth on a loom, with threads crossing – original form of 檷 (OC *niːlʔ, “loom”). Used phonetically.
Etymology 1[edit]
| trad. | 爾 | |
|---|---|---|
| simp. | 尔 | |
| alternative forms | 尒 𡭗 尓 𠇍 | |
- “you; your”
- From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *na-ŋ (“you”).
- "that"
- Cognate with 那 (nà, “that”), 若 (OC *njaɡ, “that”) (Schuessler, 2007). See 那 (nà) for more.
Pronunciation[edit]
Definitions[edit]
爾
- (literary or dialectal) you; your
- 誰謂爾無羊，三百維群。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11th – 7th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
- Shéi wèi ěr wú yáng, sānbǎi wéi qún. [Pinyin]
- Who can say that you have no sheep? There are three hundred in [each] herd.
谁谓尔无羊，三百维群。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, simp.]
- (literary) so; this way
- (literary or dialectal) this; that
- (obsolete, of flowers) exuberant
- (obsolete) a suffix or word-final particle indicating state, appearance, sound, or manner accompanying a verb
- Synonym: 然 (rán)
- 鼓瑟希，鏗爾。舍瑟而作，對曰… [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: The Analects of Confucius, c. 475 – 221 BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
- Gǔ sè xī, kēng ěr. Shě sè ér zuò, duì yuē... [Pinyin]
- (Zeng Dian), pausing as he was playing on his se, while it was yet twanging, laid the instrument aside, and said...
鼓瑟希，铿尔。舍瑟而作，对曰… [Classical Chinese, simp.]
- (literary) a sentence final particle; merely; only
- a surname
Synonyms[edit]
Compounds[edit]
- 不爾／不尔
- 不過爾爾／不过尔尔 (bùguò'ěr'ěr)
- 乃爾／乃尔 (nǎi'ěr)
- 侃爾／侃尔
- 俄爾／俄尔 (é'ěr)
- 俶爾／俶尔 (chù'ěr)
- 倏爾／倏尔
- 偶爾／偶尔 (ǒu'ěr)
- 公爾忘私／公尔忘私
- 具爾／具尔
- 出爾反爾／出尔反尔 (chū'ěrfǎn'ěr)
- 卓爾／卓尔
- 卓爾不群／卓尔不群 (zhuó'ěrbùqún)
- 卓爾出群／卓尔出群
- 嘑爾／呼尔 (hù'ěr)
- 國爾忘家／国尔忘家
- 宴爾新婚／宴尔新婚
- 果爾／果尔
- 溫文爾雅／温文尔雅 (wēnwén'ěryǎ)
- 焉爾／焉尔
- 燕爾／燕尔
- 燕爾新婚／燕尔新婚
- 爾來／尔来 (ěrlái)
- 爾後／尔后 (ěrhòu)
- 爾我／尔我
- 爾日／尔日
- 爾時／尔时 (ěrshí)
- 爾曹／尔曹 (ěrcáo)
- 爾朱／尔朱 (Ěrzhū)
- 爾汝／尔汝
- 爾汝之交／尔汝之交
- 爾爾／尔尔 (ěr'ěr)
- 爾當／尔当
- 爾等／尔等 (ěrděng)
- 爾虞我詐／尔虞我诈 (ěryúwǒzhà)
- 爾詐我虞／尔诈我虞
- 爾雅／尔雅 (Ěryǎ)
- 爾雅溫文／尔雅温文
- 爾雅翼／尔雅翼
- 率爾／率尔
- 率爾成章／率尔成章
- 率爾操觚／率尔操觚
- 瓶爾小草／瓶尔小草
- 聊復爾爾／聊复尔尔
- 聊復爾耳／聊复尔耳
- 莞爾／莞尔 (wǎn'ěr)
- 蕞爾／蕞尔 (zuì'ěr)
- 謖爾／谡尔
- 謐爾／谧尔
- 逌爾／逌尔
- 遽爾／遽尔 (jù'ěr)
- 鏗爾／铿尔
- 雍容爾雅
- 竟爾／竟尔
- 風流爾雅／风流尔雅
Etymology 2[edit]
| trad. | 爾 | |
|---|---|---|
| simp. | 尔 | |
| alternative forms | 尼 呢 | |
Pronunciation[edit]
Definitions[edit]
爾
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
{{rfdef}}.
Compounds[edit]
Etymology 3[edit]
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “Contraction of 但定 (nā-tiāⁿ; only) ?”)
Pronunciation[edit]
Definitions[edit]
爾
Compounds[edit]
Etymology 4[edit]
| trad. | 爾 | |
|---|---|---|
| simp. | 尔 | |
Etymology[edit]
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “Colliqual reading of 但 (but, only, literal reading: tān)?”)
Pronunciation[edit]
Definitions[edit]
爾
Etymology 5[edit]
Pronunciation[edit]
Definitions[edit]
爾
- Used in transcription.
Usage notes[edit]
It is often used to transcribe the /l/ and /r/ sounds in words of foreign languages not immediately followed by a vowel, e.g. 尼泊爾／尼泊尔 (Níbó'ěr, “Nepal”), 斯德哥爾摩／斯德哥尔摩 (Sīdégē'ěrmó, “Stockholm”), 克什米爾／克什米尔 (Kèshímǐ'ěr, “Kashmir”), 塞爾維亞／塞尔维亚 (Sài'ěrwéiyà, “Serbia”), etc.
Compounds[edit]
- 丹珠爾／丹珠尔
- 乃則爾巴格／乃则尔巴格 (Nǎizé'ěr Bāgé)
- 亞爾薩斯／亚尔萨斯
- 依蓋爾其／依盖尔其 (Yīgài'ěrqí)
- 俾爾遐福／俾尔遐福
- 傑克遜維爾／杰克逊维尔 (Jiékèxùnwéi'ěr)
- 克孜爾／克孜尔 (Kèzī'ěr)
- 內茲佩爾塞／内兹佩尔塞
- 凡爾／凡尔 (fán'ěr)
- 凡爾賽／凡尔赛 (fán'ěrsài)
- 凡爾賽宮／凡尔赛宫 (Fán'ěrsài Gōng)
- 凱爾派／凯尔派 (kǎi'ěrpài)
- 切爾諾貝利／切尔诺贝利 (Qiè'ěrnuòbèilì)
- 加爾各答／加尔各答 (Jiā'ěrgèdá)
- 加爾達湖／加尔达湖
- 努爾哈赤／努尔哈赤 (Nǔ'ěrhāchì)
- 北愛爾蘭／北爱尔兰 (Běi-Ài'ěrlán)
- 卑爾根／卑尔根 (Bēi'ěrgēn)
- 南阿爾卑斯／南阿尔卑斯 (Nán-Ā'ěrbēisī)
- 博爾赤／博尔赤
- 卡塔爾／卡塔尔 (Kǎtǎ'ěr)
- 卡爾加里 (Kǎ'ěrjiālǐ)
- 卡爾斯魯厄／卡尔斯鲁厄 (Kǎ'ěrsīlǔ'è)
- 卡爾斯魯爾／卡尔斯鲁尔
- 厄爾巴島／厄尔巴岛
- 厄爾巴索／厄尔巴索 (È'ěrbāsuǒ)
- 厄瓜多爾／厄瓜多尔 (Èguāduō'ěr)
- 吉爾吉斯／吉尔吉斯 (Jí'ěrjísī)
- 吉爾吉斯斯坦／吉尔吉斯斯坦 (Jí'ěrjísīsītǎn)
- 吉爾庫克／吉尔库克
- 吉賽爾／吉赛尔
- 哈爾濱／哈尔滨 (Hā'ěrbīn)
- 喀什噶爾／喀什噶尔
- 喀什米爾／喀什米尔 (Kàshímǐ'ěr)
- 喀布爾／喀布尔
- 喀布爾河／喀布尔河
- 喀拉克爾／喀拉克尔 (Kālākè'ěr)
- 喀爾曲尕／喀尔曲尕 (Kā'ěrqūgǎ)
- 圖爾庫／图尔库 (Tú'ěrkù)
- 埃爾帕索／埃尔帕索 (Āi'ěrpàsuǒ)
- 埃菲爾鐵塔／埃菲尔铁塔 (Āifēi'ěr Tiětǎ)
- 基爾／基尔 (Jī'ěr)
- 基爾特／基尔特 (jī'ěrtè)
- 塔什庫爾干／塔什库尔干 (Tǎshíkù'ěrgān)
- 塞內加爾／塞内加尔
- 塔塔爾族／塔塔尔族 (Tǎtǎ'ěrzú)
- 塞席爾／塞席尔 (Sèxí'ěr)
- 塞爾維亞／塞尔维亚
- 塞繆爾／塞缪尔 (Sàimiù'ěr)
- 奧爾良／奥尔良 (Ào'ěrliáng)
- 奧維爾／奥维尔
- 奴爾／奴尔 (Nú'ěr)
- 威爾瑪／威尔玛
- 安迪爾／安迪尔 (Āndí'ěr)
- 安道爾／安道尔 (Āndào'ěr)
- 密爾／密尔 (mì'ěr)
- 尼泊爾／尼泊尔 (Níbó'ěr)
- 尼爾／尼尔
- 巴什吉爾／巴什吉尔
- 巴圖爾／巴图尔
- 巴塞爾／巴塞尔 (Bāsài'ěr)
- 巴爾／巴尔
- 巴爾幹／巴尔干 (Bā'ěrgàn)
- 巴爾幹半島／巴尔干半岛 (Bā'ěrgàn Bàndǎo)
- 巴爾沙／巴尔沙
- 巴爾的摩／巴尔的摩 (Bā'ěrdìmó)
- 布干維爾／布干维尔 (Bùgānwéi'ěr)
- 布爾哥尼／布尔哥尼
- 布爾喬亞／布尔乔亚 (bù'ěrqiáoyà)
- 布爾茲／布尔兹
- 布爾諾／布尔诺
- 布雷爾港／布雷尔港
- 布魯塞爾／布鲁塞尔
- 庫爾勒／库尔勒 (Kù'ěrlè)
- 庫爾河／库尔河
- 庫里爾臺／库里尔台
- 康克爾／康克尔 (Kāngkè'ěr)
- 廓爾喀人／廓尔喀人
- 彈布爾／弹布尔
- 德爾班／德尔班
- 性荷爾蒙／性荷尔蒙
- 恩格爾／恩格尔
- 恩格爾係數／恩格尔系数 (Ēngé'ěr xìshù)
- 恩格爾定律／恩格尔定律
- 恰爾巴格／恰尔巴格 (Qià'ěrbāgé)
- 恰爾隆／恰尔隆 (Qià'ěrlóng)
- 愛爾蘭／爱尔兰 (Ài'ěrlán)
- 愛爾蘭威士忌／爱尔兰威士忌
- 愛爾蘭海／爱尔兰海 (Ài'ěrlán hǎi)
- 愛爾蘭語／爱尔兰语 (ài'ěrlányǔ)
- 托爾斯泰／托尔斯泰 (Tuō'ěrsītài)
- 拉合爾／拉合尔 (Lāhé'ěr)
- 摩爾人／摩尔人 (mó'ěrrén)
- 斯德哥爾摩／斯德哥尔摩 (Sīdégē'ěrmó)
- 斯德哥爾摩症候群／斯德哥尔摩症候群 (sīdégē'ěrmó zhènghòuqún)
- 斯德哥爾摩綜合徵／斯德哥尔摩综合征 (sīdégē'ěrmózōnghézhēng)
- 斯德哥爾摩綜合症／斯德哥尔摩综合症 (sīdégē'ěrmó zōnghézhèng)
- 斯皮爾伯格／斯皮尔伯格 (Sīpí'ěrbógé)
- 新奧爾良／新奥尔良 (Xīn-Ào'ěrliáng)
- 新婚燕爾／新婚燕尔
- 新疆維吾爾自治區／新疆维吾尔自治区 (Xīnjiāng Wéiwú'ěr Zìzhìqū)
- 新罕布什爾／新罕布什尔 (Xīn Hǎnbùshí'ěr)
- 札賚諾爾／札赉诺尔
- 李爾王／李尔王
- 柯爾克孜／柯尔克孜 (kē'ěrkèzī)
- 格爾木／格尔木 (Gé'ěrmù)
- 桑給巴爾／桑给巴尔 (Sāngjǐbā'ěr)
- 楚瑪爾河／楚玛尔河 (Chǔmǎ'ěr Hé)
- 沃爾夫／沃尔夫
- 沃爾夫定律／沃尔夫定律
- 沃爾夫岡／沃尔夫冈 (Wò'ěrfūgāng)
- 波爾卡舞／波尔卡舞
- 波爾多／波尔多 (Bō'ěrduō)
- 波納爾／波纳尔
- 海拉爾／海拉尔 (Hǎilā'ěr)
- 海拉爾河／海拉尔河
- 溫特圖爾／温特图尔
- 烏爾其／乌尔其 (Wū'ěrqí)
- 爾格／尔格 (ěrgé)
- 玉爾其／玉尔其 (Yù'ěrqí)
- 瑞爾／瑞尔 (ruì'ěr)
- 甘珠爾／甘珠尔
- 畢拉爾／毕拉尔
- 福爾摩斯／福尔摩斯 (Fú'ěrmósī)
- 福爾摩沙／福尔摩沙 (Fú'ěrmóshā)
- 科爾沁／科尔沁 (Kē'ěrqìn)
- 索爾／索尔 (suǒ'ěr)
- 維吾爾／维吾尔 (Wéiwú'ěr)
- 維吾爾文／维吾尔文 (wéiwú'ěrwén)
- 維吾爾族／维吾尔族 (Wéiwú'ěrzú)
- 維吾爾語／维吾尔语 (wéiwú'ěryǔ)
- 羅亞爾河／罗亚尔河
- 羅布淖爾／罗布淖尔 (Luóbùnào'ěr)
- 聖皮埃爾／圣皮埃尔
- 聖皮埃爾和密克隆／圣皮埃尔和密克隆 (Shèngpí'āi'ěr hé Mìkèlóng)
- 膘爾托闊依／膘尔托阔依 (Biāo'ěrtuōkuòyī)
- 艾爾帕索／艾尔帕索 (Ài'ěrpàsuǒ)
- 艾菲爾鐵塔／艾菲尔铁塔 (Àifēi'ěr Tiětǎ)
- 英也爾／英也尔 (Yīngyě'ěr)
- 荷爾蒙／荷尔蒙
- 華爾滋／华尔滋
- 華爾街／华尔街 (Huá'ěrjiē)
- 葉爾羌／叶尔羌 (Yè'ěrqiāng)
- 葉爾羌河／叶尔羌河 (Yè'ěrqiāng Hé)
- 蒙特利爾／蒙特利尔 (Méngtèlì'ěr)
- 薩塔爾／萨塔尔 (sàtǎ'ěr)
- 薩爾／萨尔
- 薩爾河／萨尔河
- 薩爾溫江／萨尔温江 (Sà'ěrwēn Jiāng)
- 薩爾瓦多／萨尔瓦多 (Sà'ěrwǎduō)
- 蘇必利爾／苏必利尔
- 蘇必利爾湖／苏必利尔湖 (Sūbìlì'ěr Hú)
- 蘇爾奈／苏尔奈 (sū'ěrnài)
- 諾爾蘭／诺尔兰 (Nuò'ěrlán)
- 諾貝爾／诺贝尔 (Nuòbèi'ěr)
- 諾貝爾獎／诺贝尔奖 (Nuòbèi'ěr-jiǎng)
- 貝加爾湖／贝加尔湖 (Bèijiā'ěr Hú)
- 貝爾格勒／贝尔格勒 (Bèi'ěrgélè)
- 貝爾格萊德／贝尔格莱德 (Bèi'ěrgéláidé)
- 貝爾法斯特／贝尔法斯特 (Bèi'ěrfǎsītè)
- 貝爾湖／贝尔湖 (Bèi'ěr Hú)
- 貝爾維尤／贝尔维尤 (Bèi'ěrwéiyóu)
- 貝爾莫潘／贝尔莫潘 (Bèi'ěrmòpān)
- 貝爾蓋人／贝尔盖人
- 賀爾蒙／贺尔蒙 (hè'ěrméng)
- 赫爾辛基／赫尔辛基 (Hè'ěrxīnjī)
- 達喀爾／达喀尔 (Dákā'ěr)
- 達布達爾／达布达尔 (Dábùdá'ěr)
- 達斡爾族／达斡尔族 (Dáwò'ěrzú)
- 道爾頓制／道尔顿制
- 采爾馬特／采尔马特 (Cǎi'ěrmǎtè)
- 里爾 (Lǐ'ěr)
- 里爾克
- 阿拉爾／阿拉尔 (Ālā'ěr)
- 阿爾伯塔／阿尔伯塔 (Ā'ěrbótǎ)
- 阿爾卑斯／阿尔卑斯 (Ā'ěrbēisī)
- 阿爾及利亞／阿尔及利亚 (Ā'ěrjílìyà)
- 阿爾及爾／阿尔及尔 (Ā'ěrjí'ěr)
- 阿爾斯太／阿尔斯太
- 阿爾泰山／阿尔泰山 (Ā'ěrtài Shān)
- 阿爾金山／阿尔金山 (Ā'ěrjīn Shān)
- 陶格夫匹爾斯／陶格夫匹尔斯
- 隆美爾／隆美尔
- 露西爾／露西尔
- 額爾德尼／额尔德尼 (É'ěrdéní)
- 馬爾他／马尔他 (Mǎ'ěrtā)
- 馬爾地夫／马尔地夫 (Mǎ'ěrdìfū)
- 馬爾摩／马尔摩
- 馬爾默／马尔默 (Mǎ'ěrmò)
- 高爾夫／高尔夫 (gāo'ěrfū)
- 高爾夫球／高尔夫球 (gāo'ěrfūqiú)
- 鬼子敢爾／鬼子敢尔
- 魯爾河／鲁尔河
- 墨爾本／墨尔本 (Mò'ěrběn)
- 齊齊哈爾／齐齐哈尔 (Qíqíhā'ěr)
References[edit]
- “爾”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
Japanese[edit]
| 尓 | |
| 爾 |
Kanji[edit]
爾
(“Jinmeiyō” kanji used for names, kyūjitai kanji, shinjitai form 尓)
Readings[edit]
- Go-on: に (ni)
- Kan-on: じ (ji)
- Kun: なんじ (nanji, 爾)←なんぢ (nandi, 爾, historical); それ (sore, 爾れ); その (sono, 爾の); しかり (shikari, 爾り)
- Nanori: あき (aki); あきら (akira); ちか (chika); ちかし (chikashi); み (mi); みつる (mitsuru)
Compounds[edit]
Compounds
Etymology 1[edit]
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 爾 |
| じ Jinmeiyō |
| kan’on |
From Middle Chinese 爾 (MC nyeX).
Affix[edit]
- second person archaic pronoun: thou, you
- distal pronoun equivalent to modern それ (sore) or その (sono): that
- auxiliary character in 漢文 (kanbun) texts indicating state or condition
Derived terms[edit]
Derived terms
Etymology 2[edit]
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 爾 |
| おれ Jinmeiyō |
| irregular |
| Alternative spellings |
|---|
| 儞 尓 (extended shinjitai) 你 |
From Old Japanese, found in use mostly from ancient times until roughly the Heian period,[1] used to refer in the second person to social inferiors or to insult.[1][2][3]
The second person sense of you appears to be obsolete in modern Japanese.
Pronunciation[edit]
Pronoun[edit]
Usage notes[edit]
- Often used to insult. Compare modern Japanese お前 (omae), English you son of a bitch.
- Not to be confused with the modern first person pronoun 俺 (ore).
Derived terms[edit]
Etymology 3[edit]
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 爾 |
| なんじ Jinmeiyō |
| kun’yomi |
| For pronunciation and definitions of 爾 – see the following entry. | ||
| ||
| (This term, 爾, is an alternative spelling of the above term.) |
Etymology 4[edit]
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 爾 |
| しか Jinmeiyō |
| kun’yomi |
| For pronunciation and definitions of 爾 – see the following entry: 然 |
(The following entry is uncreated: 然.)
References[edit]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- ^ Matsumura, Akira (1995) 大辞泉 (in Japanese), First edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
Korean[edit]
Hanja[edit]
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
{{rfdef}}.
References[edit]
Old Japanese[edit]
Etymology[edit]
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Pronoun[edit]
爾 (ore) (kana おれ)
- second person pronoun: you
- 711–712, Kojiki, (Second scroll, Yamato Takeru no mikoto):
- 爾詔：「吾者坐纒向之日代宮所知大八嶋國。大帶日子淤斯呂和氣天皇之御子、名倭男具那王者也、意禮熊曾建二人不伏無禮聞看而、取殺意禮詔而遣。」
- (please add an English translation of this quotation)
Descendants[edit]
Vietnamese[edit]
Han character[edit]
爾: Hán Việt readings: nhĩ
爾: Nôm readings: nhãi, nhĩ
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
{{rfdef}}.
References[edit]
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