艱難
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See also: 艰难
Chinese[edit]
difficult; hard; hardship | disaster; distress; to scold disaster; distress; to scold; difficult (to...); problem; difficulty; difficult; not good | ||
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trad. (艱難) | 艱 | 難 | |
simp. (艰难) | 艰 | 难 |
Pronunciation[edit]
Adjective[edit]
艱難
Synonyms[edit]
Derived terms[edit]
Descendants[edit]
See also[edit]
Japanese[edit]
Kanji in this term | |
---|---|
艱 | 難 |
かん Hyōgaiji |
なん Grade: 6 |
on’yomi |
Alternative spelling |
---|
艱難 (kyūjitai) |
Pronunciation[edit]
- (Tokyo) かんなん [káꜜǹnàǹ] (Atamadaka – [1])[1]
- (Tokyo) かんなん [kàńnáń] (Heiban – [0])[1]
- IPA(key): [kã̠nːã̠ɴ]
Noun[edit]
Verb[edit]
艱難する • (kannan suru) suru (stem 艱難し (kannan shi), past 艱難した (kannan shita))
- to experience hardships, difficulties
Conjugation[edit]
Conjugation of "艱難する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") | ||||
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Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 艱難し | かんなんし | kannan shi | |
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 艱難し | かんなんし | kannan shi | |
Shūshikei ("terminal") | 艱難する | かんなんする | kannan suru | |
Rentaikei ("attributive") | 艱難する | かんなんする | kannan suru | |
Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 艱難すれ | かんなんすれ | kannan sure | |
Meireikei ("imperative") | 艱難せよ¹ 艱難しろ² |
かんなんせよ¹ かんなんしろ² |
kannan seyo¹ kannan shiro² | |
Key constructions | ||||
Passive | 艱難される | かんなんされる | kannan sareru | |
Causative | 艱難させる 艱難さす |
かんなんさせる かんなんさす |
kannan saseru kannan sasu | |
Potential | 艱難できる | かんなんできる | kannan dekiru | |
Volitional | 艱難しよう | かんなんしよう | kannan shiyō | |
Negative | 艱難しない | かんなんしない | kannan shinai | |
Negative continuative | 艱難せず | かんなんせず | kannan sezu | |
Formal | 艱難します | かんなんします | kannan shimasu | |
Perfective | 艱難した | かんなんした | kannan shita | |
Conjunctive | 艱難して | かんなんして | kannan shite | |
Hypothetical conditional | 艱難すれば | かんなんすれば | kannan sureba | |
¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative |
Derived terms[edit]
- 艱難辛苦 (kannanshinku)
- 艱難苦労 (kannankurō)
- 艱難汝を玉にす (kannannanji o tamanisu)
References[edit]
Korean[edit]
Hanja in this term | |
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艱 | 難 |
Noun[edit]
- Hanja form? of 간난 (“hardships, privations, tribulations”).
Vietnamese[edit]
chữ Hán Nôm in this term | |
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艱 | 難 |
Adjective[edit]
艱難
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