蔡

蔡 U+8521, 蔡 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-8521 ← 蔠 [U+8520] CJK Unified Ideographs 蔢 → [U+8522]

Translingual

Han character

蔡 (Kangxi radical 140, 艸+11, 15 strokes in traditional Chinese, 14 strokes in simplified Chinese, cangjie input 廿月人火 (TBOF), four-corner 4490₁, composition ⿱艹祭)

Derived characters

• 攃 櫒 礤 䌨 𠐐 𡂠 𡣮 𤁱 𧭝 𨯓 𩧇 𪒼 𢨝 𩁞 𪇭 𫊈 𬪝 𬯡 𮜨

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 1055, character 3
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 31818
• Dae Jaweon: page 1517, character 17
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 3282, character 10
• Unihan data for U+8521

Chinese

trad.		蔡
simp. #		蔡
2nd round simp.		𦬁

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 蔡
Shang	Western Zhou	Spring and Autumn	Warring States		Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Oracle bone script	Bronze inscriptions	Bronze inscriptions	Bronze inscriptions	Qin slip script	Small seal script

Characters in the same phonetic series (祭) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
蔡	*sʰlaːds
瘵	*ʔsreːds
祭	*ʔsreːds, *ʔsleds
際	*ʔsleds
穄	*ʔsleds
鰶	*ʔsleds
傺	*hr'eds
摖	*sʰleːds
擦	*sʰlaːd
攃	*sʰlaːd, *saːd
礤	*sʰlaːd
察	*sʰreːd
詧	*sʰreːd, *sʰeːd

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sʰlaːds) : semantic 艸 (“vegetation”) + phonetic 祭 (OC *ʔsreːds, *ʔsleds).

Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Standard)

  (Pinyin): cài (cai⁴)

  (Zhuyin): ㄘㄞˋ

  (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): cai⁴

• Cantonese

  (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): coi³

  (Taishan, Wiktionary): toi¹

• Gan (Wiktionary): cai³
• Hakka

  (Sixian, PFS): chhai

  (Meixian, Guangdong): cai⁴

• Jin (Wiktionary): cai³
• Northern Min (KCR): chuo̿i
• Eastern Min (BUC): chái
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): chhòa / chhài

  (Teochew, Peng'im): cua³

  (Leizhou, Leizhou Pinyin): cua³

• Wu (Wugniu)
  • (Northern): ⁵tshe
• Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): cai⁴

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: cài
    • Zhuyin: ㄘㄞˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: cài
    • Wade–Giles: tsʻai⁴
    • Yale: tsài
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tsay
    • Palladius: цай (caj)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sʰaɪ̯⁵¹/
  • (Chengdu)
    • Sichuanese Pinyin: cai⁴
    • Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: cai
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sʰai²¹³/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: coi³
    • Yale: choi
    • Cantonese Pinyin: tsoi³
    • Guangdong Romanization: coi³
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sʰɔːi̯³³/
  • (Taishanese, Taicheng)
    • Wiktionary: toi¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰᵘɔi³³/
• Gan
  • (Nanchang)
    • Wiktionary: cai³
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sʰai²¹³/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chhai
    • Hakka Romanization System: cai
    • Hagfa Pinyim: cai⁴
    • Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰai̯⁵⁵/
  • (Meixian)
    • Guangdong: cai⁴
    • Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰaɪ⁵³/
• Jin
  • (Taiyuan)⁺
    • Wiktionary: cai³
    • Sinological IPA (old-style): /t͡sʰai⁴⁵/
• Northern Min
  • (Jian'ou)
    • Kienning Colloquial Romanized: chuo̿i
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sʰuɛ³³/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: chái
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sʰɑi²¹³/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chhòa
    • Tâi-lô: tshuà
    • Phofsit Daibuun: zhoax
    • IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /t͡sʰua⁴¹/
    • IPA (Taipei): /t͡sʰua¹¹/
    • IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Kaohsiung): /t͡sʰua²¹/
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chhài
    • Tâi-lô: tshài
    • Phofsit Daibuun: zhaix
    • IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Kaohsiung): /t͡sʰai²¹/
    • IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /t͡sʰai⁴¹/
    • IPA (Taipei): /t͡sʰai¹¹/

Note:

• chhòa - vernacular (including surname);
• chhài - literary.

• (Teochew)
  • Peng'im: cua³
  • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tshuà
  • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sʰua²¹³/
• (Leizhou)
  • Leizhou Pinyin: cua³
  • Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰua²¹/
• Wu
  • (Shanghai):
    • Wugniu: ⁵tshe
    • MiniDict: tshe^去
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ²tshe
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /t͡sʰe³⁴/
• Xiang
  • (Changsha)
    • Wiktionary: cai⁴
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sʰai̯⁴⁵/

---

• Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 蔡
Mandarin	Beijing	/t͡sʰai⁵¹/
	Harbin	/t͡sʰai⁵³/
	Tianjin	/t͡sʰai⁵³/
	Jinan	/t͡sʰɛ²¹/
	Qingdao	/t͡sʰɛ⁴²/
	Zhengzhou	/t͡sʰai³¹²/
	Xi'an	/t͡sʰai⁴⁴/
	Xining	/t͡sʰɛ²¹³/
	Yinchuan	/t͡sʰɛ¹³/
	Lanzhou	/t͡sʰɛ¹³/
	Ürümqi	/t͡sʰai²¹³/
	Wuhan	/t͡sʰai³⁵/
	Chengdu	/t͡sʰai¹³/
	Guiyang	/t͡sʰai²¹³/
	Kunming	/t͡sʰæ²¹²/
	Nanjing	/t͡sʰae⁴⁴/
	Hefei	/t͡sʰe̞⁵³/
Jin	Taiyuan	/t͡sʰai⁴⁵/
	Pingyao	/t͡sʰæ³⁵/
	Hohhot	/t͡sʰɛ⁵⁵/
Wu	Shanghai	/t͡sʰe³⁵/
	Suzhou	/t͡sʰɑ⁵¹³/
	Hangzhou	/t͡sʰe̞⁴⁴⁵/
	Wenzhou	/t͡sʰa⁴²/
Hui	Shexian	/t͡sʰɛ³²⁴/
	Tunxi	/t͡sʰa⁴²/
Xiang	Changsha	/t͡sʰai⁵⁵/
	Xiangtan	/t͡sʰai⁵⁵/
Gan	Nanchang	/t͡sʰai²¹³/
Hakka	Meixian	/t͡sʰai⁵³/
	Taoyuan	/t͡sʰɑi⁵⁵/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/t͡sʰɔi³³/
	Nanning	/t͡sʰɔi³³/
	Hong Kong	/t͡sʰɔi³³/
Min	Xiamen (Hokkien)	/t͡sʰai²¹/ /t͡sʰua²¹/
	Fuzhou (Eastern Min)	/t͡sʰɑi²¹²/
	Jian'ou (Northern Min)	/t͡sʰuɛ³³/
	Shantou (Teochew)	/t͡sʰua²¹³/
	Haikou (Hainanese)	/sai³⁵/ /sua³⁵/

---

• Middle Chinese: tshajH

Rime
Character	蔡
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	清 (14)
Final (韻)	泰 (25)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	倉大切
Baxter	tshajH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/t͡sʰɑiH/
Pan Wuyun	/t͡sʰɑiH/
Shao Rongfen	/t͡sʰɑiH/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/t͡sʰajH/
Li Rong	/t͡sʰɑiH/
Wang Li	/t͡sʰɑiH/
Bernard Karlgren	/t͡sʰɑiH/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	cài
Expected Cantonese Reflex	coi3

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*s.r̥ˤat-s/

  (Zhengzhang): /*sʰlaːds/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	蔡
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	cài
Middle Chinese	‹ tshajH ›
Old Chinese	/*s.r̥ˁat-s/
English	(name of a state)
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	蔡
Reading #	1/1
No.	5836
Phonetic component	祭
Rime group	祭
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	蔡
Old Chinese	/*sʰlaːds/

Definitions

蔡

1. (obsolete) weed
2. (obsolete) tortoise used for divination
3. (～國) (historical) Cai (an ancient Chinese state)

   • 孔子遷于蔡三歲，吳伐陳。楚救陳，軍于城父。聞孔子在陳蔡之間，楚使人聘孔子。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     孔子迁于蔡三岁，吴伐陈。楚救陈，军于城父。闻孔子在陈蔡之间，楚使人聘孔子。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, c. 91 BCE

     Kǒngzǐ qiān yú Cài sān suì, Wú fá Chén. Chǔ jiù Chén, jūn yú Chéngfù. Wén Kǒngzǐ zài Chén Cài zhījiān, Chǔ shǐ rén pìn Kǒngzǐ. [Pinyin]

     (please add an English translation of this usage example)

4. a surname

   蔡英文  ―  Cài Yīngwén  ―  Tsai Ing-wen (President of the Republic of China (Taiwan), 2016–present)

   蔡倫／蔡伦  ―  Cài Lún  ―  Cai Lun (inventor of paper)

Compounds

• 新蔡 (Xīncài)
• 管蔡
• 蓍蔡
• 蔡中郎
• 蔡侯紙／蔡侯纸
• 蔡叔
• 蔡司
• 蔡家營／蔡家营 (Càijiāyíng)
• 蔡李佛 (càilǐfó)
• 蔡河 (Càihé)
• 蔡澤看相／蔡泽看相
• 蔡濠 (Càiháo)
• 蔡甸 (Càidiàn)
• 蔡邕倒屣
• 蔡順分椹／蔡顺分椹
• 陳蔡之厄／陈蔡之厄
• 饒蔡／饶蔡 (Ráocài)

 

Descendants

• → English: Cai, Tsai, Ts'ai, Choi, Choy, Tsoi, Chua
• → Tagalog: Chua (via Hokkien)

Japanese

Kanji

蔡

(uncommon “Hyōgai” kanji)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Readings

• Go-on: さい (sai)
• Kan-on: さい (sai)
• On: さつ (satsu)
• Kun: くさむら (kusamura, 蔡); あくた (akuta, 蔡)

References

• “蔡”, in 漢字ぺディア (Kanjipedia)‎^[1] (in Japanese), 日本漢字能力検定協会, 2015–2024

Korean

Hanja

蔡 (eum 채 (chae))
蔡 (eum 살 (sal))

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese

Han character

蔡: Hán Nôm readings: Thái

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.