虔

虔 U+8654, 虔 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-8654 ← 虓 [U+8653] CJK Unified Ideographs 處 → [U+8655]

Translingual

Han character

虔 (Kangxi radical 141, 虍+4, 10 strokes, cangjie input 卜心卜大 (YPYK), four-corner 2124₀, composition ⿸虍文)

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 1073, character 17
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 32686
• Dae Jaweon: page 1540, character 13
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2821, character 2
• Unihan data for U+8654

Chinese

trad.		虔
simp. #		虔

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 虔
Western Zhou	Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)	Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Bronze inscriptions	Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts

Characters in the same phonetic series (虔) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
虔	*ɡren
鰬	*ɡren
榩	*ɡren

According to the Shuowen Jiezi, Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡren) : phonetic 文 (OC *mɯn) + semantic 虍. According to Li Xueqin (2012), the phonetic component is instead 虍 (OC *qʰaː).

Etymology 1

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): qián (qian²)

  (Zhuyin): ㄑㄧㄢˊ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): kin⁴
• Hakka (Sixian, PFS): khièn / khiàn
• Eastern Min (BUC): gièng
• Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): khiân

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: qián
    • Zhuyin: ㄑㄧㄢˊ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: cián
    • Wade–Giles: chʻien²
    • Yale: chyán
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chyan
    • Palladius: цянь (cjanʹ)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn³⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: kin⁴
    • Yale: kìhn
    • Cantonese Pinyin: kin⁴
    • Guangdong Romanization: kin⁴
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰiːn²¹/
• Hakka
  • (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: khièn
    • Hakka Romanization System: kienˇ
    • Hagfa Pinyim: kian²
    • Sinological IPA: /kʰi̯en¹¹/
  • (Southern Sixian, incl. Meinong)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: khiàn
    • Hakka Romanization System: kianˇ
    • Hagfa Pinyim: kian²
    • Sinological IPA: /kʰi̯an¹¹/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: gièng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kieŋ⁵³/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khiân
    • Tâi-lô: khiân
    • Phofsit Daibuun: qieen
    • IPA (Xiamen): /kʰiɛn²⁴/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰiɛn²⁴/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /kʰiɛn¹³/
    • IPA (Taipei): /kʰiɛn²⁴/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /kʰiɛn²³/

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• Middle Chinese: gjen

Rime
Character	虔
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	群 (30)
Final (韻)	仙 (79)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	渠焉切
Baxter	gjen
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ɡˠiᴇn/
Pan Wuyun	/ɡᵚiɛn/
Shao Rongfen	/ɡiæn/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/gian/
Li Rong	/ɡjɛn/
Wang Li	/ɡĭɛn/
Bernard Karlgren	/gi̯ɛn/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	qián
Expected Cantonese Reflex	kin4

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*[ɡ]ra[n]/

  (Zhengzhang): /*ɡren/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	虔
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	qián
Middle Chinese	‹ gjen ›
Old Chinese	/*[ɡ]ra[n]/
English	kill; cut (v.)
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	虔
Reading #	1/1
No.	10260
Phonetic component	虔
Rime group	元
Rime subdivision	2
Corresponding MC rime	乾
Old Chinese	/*ɡren/
Notes	讀若矜

Definitions

虔

1. reverent; devout; pious; respectful; sincere
2. (obsolete) looking like a tiger walking; strong; powerful
3. ^† to kill; to slaughter; to murder
4. ^† to plunder; to loot; to seize
5. a surname

Compounds

• 乾虔／干虔
• 展子虔
• 心虔志誠／心虔志诚
• 敬虔主義／敬虔主义 (jìngqiánzhǔyì)
• 村虔
• 矯虔／矫虔
• 老虔婆
• 虔劉／虔刘
• 虔婆 (qiánpó)
• 虔婆勢／虔婆势
• 虔心 (qiánxīn)
• 虔恪 (qiánkè)
• 虔敬 (qiánjìng)
• 虔虔
• 虔誠／虔诚 (qiánchéng)
• 鄭虔／郑虔
• 風虔／风虔

 

Etymology 2

trad.		虔
simp. #		虔
alternative forms		堅／坚 凝

Pronunciation

• Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): kiân / kian

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• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kiân
    • Tâi-lô: kiân
    • Phofsit Daibuun: kieen
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /kiɛn²⁴/
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kian
    • Tâi-lô: kian
    • Phofsit Daibuun: kiefn
    • IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /kiɛn⁴⁴/

Definitions

虔

1. (chiefly Quanzhou Hokkien) Alternative form of 堅／坚 (“to congeal; to encrust”)

Compounds

• 虔凍／虔冻
• 虔巴
• 虔疕

 

Japanese

Kanji

虔

(uncommon “Hyōgai” kanji)

1. respect

Readings

• Go-on: げん (gen)
• Kan-on: けん (ken)
• Kun: かたい (katai, 虔い); しいる (shiiru, 虔いる); つつしむ (tsutsushimu, 虔む)
• Nanori: たかし (takashi); ただし (tadashi); まさ (masa); まさし (masashi)

Compounds

• 格(かっ)虔(けん) (kakken)
• 恭(きょう)虔(けん) (kyōken)
• 敬(けい)虔(けん) (keiken)

Korean

Hanja

虔 (eumhun 공경할 건 (gonggyeonghal geon))

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Compounds

• 경건 (敬虔, gyeonggeon)

Vietnamese

Han character

虔: Hán Nôm readings: kiền

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.