風

See also: 风 and 虱

Translingual

Han character

風 (radical 182 風+0, 9 strokes, cangjie input 竹弓竹中戈 (HNHLI), 竹弓一中戈 (HNMLI), four-corner 7721₀, composition ⿵几䖝)

Derived characters

• Index:Chinese radical/風
• 楓, 諷, 葻, 颿

References

• KangXi: page 1411, character 1
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 43756
• Dae Jaweon: page 1930, character 20
• Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 7, page 4480, character 1
• Unihan data for U+98A8

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Chinese

		-
trad.		風
simp.		风

Etymology

Stroke order

Unknown. Pronunciations 1 and 2 are cognate, and pronunciation 3 appears to be cognate as well. The Old Chinese form for "wind" was *prəm, which is thought to be related to Proto-Tai *Ĉ.lɯmᴬ (“wind”), Korean 바람 (baram, “wind”) and Tibetan རླུང (rlung, “wind”). This word has a wide range of extended meanings, and interestingly many of these have exact parallels in the Korean cognate. Compare Chinese 風流／风流, 風騷／风骚 - Korean 바람둥이 (baramdung-i).

Cognate with 飛廉／飞廉 ("wind god"), 蜚蠊 ("cockroach") (notice how the -r- infix in Old Chinese was preserved through disyllabification, also 嵐／岚, 葻), 瘋／疯 ("mad, insane"), 諷／讽 ("to mock, to advise"), 帆 ("sail"). The development from Old Chinese to Middle Chinese was irregular, driven by dissimilation of the initial and coda bilabial consonants.

Graphically: Phono-semantic compound (形聲): 凡 + 虫 (“insects”). Ancient Chinese thought insects appear with wind. (Insects refer to any kind of animal, such as tigers (大蟲). The stroke inside the enclosure has merged with the 虫, so compound is graphically 几 + 䖝; compare similar development in 鳳 (from 鳥).

Pronunciation 1

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): fēng (feng¹)

  (Zhuyin): ㄈㄥ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): fung¹
• Hakka (Pha̍k-fa-sṳ): fûng
• Min Nan (POJ): hong
• Wu (WT Romanisation): fon (T1)

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese, Beijing)⁺
    • Pinyin: fēng
    • Zhuyin: ㄈㄥ
    • Wade-Giles: fêng¹
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: feng
    • IPA ^(key): /fɤŋ⁵⁵/

    • (file)

      
      
      
  • (Standard Chinese, Beijing, erhua-ed)⁺
    • Pinyin: fēngr
    • Zhuyin: ㄈㄥㄦ
    • Wade-Giles: fêngrh¹
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: fengl
    • IPA ^(key): /fɤ̃ɻ⁵⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
    • Jyutping: fung¹
    • Yale: fūng
    • Cantonese Pinyin: fung¹
    • IPA ^(key): /fʊŋ⁵⁵/
• Hakka
  • Romanisations:
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: fûng
    • IPA (Siyen, incl. Miaoli): /fuŋ²⁴/
• Min Nan
  • (Hokkien)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hong
    • Tâi-lô: hong
    • IPA (Taipei): /hɔŋ⁴⁴/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /hɔŋ³⁴/
• Wu
  • (Shanghainese)
    • WT Romanisation: fon (T1)
    • IPA ^(key): /fʊŋ⁵³/

Middle Chinese pronunciation (風, reconstructed)
Character (風), Pronunciation 1/2
Initial: 幫 (1) Final: 東 Division: III			Openness: Open Tone: Level (Ø)			Fanqie: 方戎切
Zhengzhang Shangfang	Bernard Karlgren	Li Rong	Pan Wuyun	Edwin Pulleyblank	Wang Li	Shao Rongfen
/pɨuŋ/	/pi̯uŋ/	/piuŋ/	/piuŋ/	/puwŋ/	/pĭuŋ/	/piuŋ/

Old Chinese pronunciation (風, reconstructed)
Baxter-Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character								Modern Beijing (Pinyin)								Middle Chinese								Old Chinese								English
風								fēng								‹ pjuwng ›								/*prəm/								wind (n.)
風								fèng								‹ pjuwngH ›								/*prəm-s/								blow; criticize
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter-Sagart system: Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character					No.					Phonetic component					Rime group					Rime subdivision					Corresponding MC rime					Old Chinese					Notes
風					2921					凡					侵					3					風					/*plum/
風					2929					凡					侵					3										/*plums/					同諷見詩

Definitions

風

1. wind
   • 風雨／风雨, 狂風／狂风, 風水／风水

   • 蘀兮蘀兮，風其吹女。叔兮伯兮，倡予和女。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]

     蘀兮蘀兮，风其吹女。叔兮伯兮，倡予和女。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: The Classic of Poetry, circa 11th – 7th centuries BCE

     蘀 xī 蘀 xī, fēng qí chuī nǚ. Shū xī bó xī, chàng yǔ hé nǚ. [Pinyin]

     Ye withered leaves! Ye withered leaves! How the wind is blowing you away! O ye uncles, Give us the first note, and we will join in with you.

   • 寢不尸，居不容。見齊衰者，雖狎，必變。見冕者與瞽者，雖褻，必以貌。凶服者式之。式負版者。有盛饌，必變色而作。迅雷風烈，必變。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]

     寝不尸，居不容。见齐衰者，虽狎，必变。见冕者与瞽者，虽亵，必以貌。凶服者式之。式负版者。有盛馔，必变色而作。迅雷风烈，必变。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: The Analects of Confucius, circa 475 – 221 BCE

     Qǐn bù shī, jū bù róng. Jiàn qí shuāi zhě, suī xiá, bì biàn. Jiàn miǎn zhě yǔ gǔ zhě, suī xiè, bì yǐ mào. Xiōng fú zhě shì zhī. Shì fù bǎn zhě. Yǒu shèngzhuàn, bì biàn sè ér zuò. Xùnléi fēngliè, bì biàn. [Pinyin]

     In bed, he did not lie like a corpse. At home, he did not put on any formal deportment. When he saw any one in a mourning dress, though it might be an acquaintance, he would change countenance; when he saw any one wearing the cap of full dress, or a blind person, though he might be in his undress, he would salute him in a ceremonious manner. To any person in mourning he bowed forward to the crossbar of his carriage; he bowed in the same way to any one bearing the tables of population. When he was at an entertainment where there was an abundance of provisions set before him, he would change countenance and rise up. On a sudden clap of thunder, or a violent wind, he would change countenance.

2. ^† air, atmosphere
3. ^† general mood, custom
   • 風俗／风俗, 風氣／风气

   • 王曰：「嗚呼！說，四海之內，咸仰朕德，時乃風。股肱惟人，良臣惟聖。」 [Classical Chinese, trad.]

     王曰：“呜呼！说，四海之内，咸仰朕德，时乃风。股肱惟人，良臣惟圣。” [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: The Book of Documents, circa 7th – 4th centuries BCE

     Wáng yuē: "wūhū! Shuō, sìhǎi zhī nèi, xián yǎng zhèn dé, shí nǎi fēng. Gǔgōng wéi rén, liáng chén wéi shèng." [Pinyin]

     The king said, "Oh! Yue, that all within the four seas look up to my virtue is owing to you. As his legs and arms form the man, so does a good minister form the sage (king)."

4. ^† demeanour
   • 風範／风范, 風度／风度
5. ^† cultivation, moralisation
   • 風教／风教
6. style, manner
   • 風格／风格, 文風／文风
7. ^† conduct, discipline
   • 風惠／风惠, 風紀／风纪
8. ^† power
   • 風掃／风扫
9. ^† news, information
   • 風聲／风声, 風訊／风讯, 聞風而動／闻风而动
10. ^† love, affection; to become sexually attracted; copulate
    • 風月／风月, 風情／风情, 風馬牛不相及／风马牛不相及

    • 馬牛其風，臣妾逋逃，勿敢越逐，祗復之，我商賚汝。乃越逐不復，汝則有常刑！無敢寇攘，逾垣牆，竊馬牛，誘臣妾，汝則有常刑！ [Classical Chinese, trad.]

      马牛其风，臣妾逋逃，勿敢越逐，祗复之，我商赉汝。乃越逐不复，汝则有常刑！无敢寇攘，逾垣墙，窃马牛，诱臣妾，汝则有常刑！ [Classical Chinese, simp.]

      From: The Book of Documents, circa 7th – 4th centuries BCE

      Mǎ niú qí fēng, chénqiè būtáo, wù gǎn yuè zhú, zhī fù zhī, wǒ shāng lài rǔ. Nǎi yuè zhú bù fù, rǔ zé yǒu chángxíng! Wúgǎn kòurǎng, yú yuánqiáng, qiè mǎ niú, yòu chénqiè, rǔ zé yǒu chángxíng! [Pinyin]

      When the horses or cattle are seeking one another, or when your followers, male or female, abscond, presume not to leave the ranks to pursue them. But let them be carefully returned. I will reward you (among the people) who return them according to their value. But if you leave your places to pursue them, or if you who find them do not restore them, you shall be dealt with according to the regular punishments. And let none of you presume to commit any robbery or detain any creature that comes in your way, to jump over enclosures and walls to steal (people's) horses or oxen, or to decoy away their servants or female attendants. If you do so, you shall be dealt with according to the regular punishments.

11. ^† dissolute, promiscuous
    • 風流／风流, 風騷／风骚
12. ^† ungrounded, baseless
    • 風言／风言, 風謠／风谣
13. ^† (= 瘋／疯) mad, insane
    • 風發／风发, 風病／风病
14. ^† (medicine) One of the causes of diseases in Traditional Chinese Medicine.
    • 中風／中风, 風寒／风寒, 風濕／风湿, 痛風／痛风
15. ^† epilepsy
    • 風癡／风癡, 風眩／风眩
16. A surname​. Feng, Fung

Compounds

Derived terms

• (Min) 風颱／风台

• 大風／大风 (dàfēng)

• 風不吹，樹不搖／风不吹，树不摇

• 風不怕，雨不怕／风不怕，雨不怕

• 風乾／风干

• 風伯／风伯

• 風俗／风俗 (fēngsú)

• 風傳／风传

• 風光／风光 (fēngguāng)

• 風刀霜劍／风刀霜剑

• 風力／风力 (fēnglì)

• 風勢／风势

• 風化／风化 (fēnghuà)

• 風口／风口 (fēngkǒu)

• 風向／风向

• 風吹日曬／风吹日晒

• 風吹草動／风吹草动

• 風吹雨打／风吹雨打

• 風味／风味 (fēngwèi)

• 風和日麗／风和日丽 (fēnghérìlì)

• 風塵／风尘

• 風塵僕僕／风尘仆仆

• 風姿／风姿

• 風害／风害

• 風寒／风寒

• 風尚／风尚 (fēngshàng)

• 風師／风师

• 風帽／风帽

• 風度／风度 (fēngdù)

• 風快／风快

• 風情／风情 (fēngqíng)

• 風扇／风扇 (fēngshàn)

• 風捲殘雲／风卷残云

• 風擋／风挡 (fēngdǎng)

• 風操／风操

• 風景／风景 (fēngjǐng)

• 風景區／风景区

• 風景畫／风景画

• 風暴／风暴 (fēngbào)

• 風暴潮／风暴潮

• 風月／风月

• 風格／风格 (fēnggé)

• 風標／风标

• 風氣／风气 (fēngqì)

• 風水／风水 (fēngshuǐ)

• 風沙／风沙 (fēngshā)

• 風波／风波 (fēngbō)

• 風流／风流 (fēngliú)

• 風浪／风浪 (fēnglàng)

• 風涼／风凉

• 風涼話／风凉话 (fēngliánghuà)

• 風潮／风潮 (fēngcháo)

• 風濤／风涛

• 風火牆／风火墙

• 風爐／风炉

• 風琴／风琴 (fēngqín)

• 風發／风发

• 風神／风神

• 風笛／风笛

• 風箏／风筝 (fēngzheng)

• 風節／风节

• 風範／风范

• 風紀／风纪

• 風級／风级

• 風習／风习

• 風耗／风耗

• 風聲／风声 (fēngshēng)

• 風能／风能 (fēngnéng)

• 風致／风致

• 風色／风色

• 風花雪月／风花雪月

• 風華／风华 (fēnghuá)

• 風蝕／风蚀

• 風行／风行

• 風衣／风衣

• 風貌／风貌

• 風趣／风趣 (fēngqù)

• 風車／风车

• 風速／风速

• 風采／风采

• 風鏟／风铲

• 風鏡／风镜

• 風險／风险 (fēngxiǎn)

• 風雅／风雅

• 風雨／风雨 (fēngyǔ)

• 風雨如晦／风雨如晦

• 風雨如磐／风雨如磐

• 風雨飄搖／风雨飘摇

• 風雪／风雪

• 風雲／风云

• 風雷／风雷 (fēngléi)

• 風雹／风雹

• 風霜／风霜

• 風韻／风韵

• 風風火火／风风火火

• 風餐露宿／风餐露宿 (fēngcānlùsù)

• 風馳電掣／风驰电掣

• 風騷／风骚 (fēngsāo)

• 風骨／风骨

• 風鳥／风鸟

• 颱風／台风 (táifēng)

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (風):

• Japanese: 風 (ふう, fū)
• Korean: 풍 (風, pung)
• Vietnamese: phong (風)

Pronunciation 2

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): fèng (feng⁴)

  (Zhuyin): ㄈㄥˋ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): fung³

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese, Beijing)⁺
    • Pinyin: fèng
    • Zhuyin: ㄈㄥˋ
    • Wade-Giles: fêng⁴
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: fenq
    • IPA ^(key): /fɤŋ⁵¹/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
    • Jyutping: fung³
    • Yale: fung
    • Cantonese Pinyin: fung³
    • IPA ^(key): /fʊŋ³³/

Middle Chinese pronunciation (風, reconstructed)
Character (風), Pronunciation 2/2
Initial: 幫 (1) Final: 東 Division: III			Openness: Open Tone: Departing (H)			Fanqie: 方鳳切
Zhengzhang Shangfang	Bernard Karlgren	Li Rong	Pan Wuyun	Edwin Pulleyblank	Wang Li	Shao Rongfen
/pɨuŋH/	/pi̯uŋH/	/piuŋH/	/piuŋH/	/puwŋH/	/pĭuŋH/	/piuŋH/

Definitions

風

1. ^† to blow, to fan
2. ^† to influence, to reform a misguided person through persuasion
   • 風民／风民

Pronunciation 3

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): fěng (feng³)

  (Zhuyin): ㄈㄥˇ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): fung³

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese, Beijing)⁺
    • Pinyin: fěng
    • Zhuyin: ㄈㄥˇ
    • Wade-Giles: fêng³
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: feeng
    • IPA ^(key): /fɤŋ²¹⁴/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
    • Jyutping: fung³
    • Yale: fung
    • Cantonese Pinyin: fung³
    • IPA ^(key): /fʊŋ³³/

Definitions

風

1. ^† (= 諷／讽) to mock, to ridicule, to satire
2. ^† (= 諷／讽) to advise in mild tone
   • 風勸／风劝, 風諭／风谕

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Japanese

Kanji

風

(grade 2 “Kyōiku” kanji)

Readings

• On: ふう (fū), ふ (fu)
• Kun: かぜ (kaze)
• Nanori: か (ka)

Compounds

Derived terms

風圧 風雲 風化 風害 風紀 風景 風月 風車 風習 風塵 風雪 風俗 風袋 風潮 風体 風土 風物 風味 風流 風邪 風呂 風見鶏 神風

Pronunciation

Kanji in this term

風

かぜ Grade: 2

kun'yomi

• かぜ (Heiban)

Noun

風 (hiragana かぜ, romaji kaze)

1. a movement of air; a wind
2. airs
3. style

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Korean

Hanja

風 (pung)
Eumhun:

• Sound (hangeul): 풍 (revised: pung, McCune-Reischauer: p'ung, Yale: phung)

• Name (hangeul): 바람()

1. This entry needs a definition. Please add one, then remove {{defn}}.

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Vietnamese

Han character

風 (phong)

1. This entry needs a definition. Please add one, then remove {{defn}}.