馬

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See also: 马

Translingual[edit]

Stroke order
馬-order.gif

Etymology[edit]

Icelandic horse1.jpg

Pictogram (象形); derived from the pictogram of a horse with its head turned to look back and showing a flowing mane in the wind. The four short strokes at its base (灬) represent its feet, and the sweeping hook stroke in the lower right represents its tail.

Compare also 鳥 (“bird”), whose current form is similar (graphically, 灬 for claws/legs).

Contrast with 鹿 (“deer”), which saw a very different development, and 𢊁 (“bison”) (as in 薦), which is a hybrid: it has the the legs of 馬 (灬) but the head of 鹿.

馬 馬 馬 馬
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Large seal script Small seal script
馬 馬 馬
Clerical script Semi-cursive script Cursive script

Han character[edit]

Commons-logo.svg
See images of
Radical 187 馬

馬 (radical 187 馬+0, 10 strokes, cangjie input 尸手尸火 (SQSF), four-corner 71327)

  1. KangXi radical 187 馬

Derived terms[edit]

References[edit]

  • KangXi: page 1433, character 1
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 44572
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1956, character 34
  • Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 7, page 4539, character 1
  • Unihan data for U+99AC

Chinese[edit]

-
trad. 馬
simp. 马

Pronunciation[edit]

Middle Chinese pronunciation (馬, reconstructed)
Character (馬), Pronunciation 1/1

Initial: 明 (4)
Final: 麻
Division: II

Openness: Open
Tone: Rising (X)

 Fanqie: 莫下切
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		 Bernard
Karlgren		 Li
Rong		 Pan
Wuyun		 Edwin
Pulleyblank		 Wang
Li		 Shao
Rongfen
/mɣaX/ /maX/ /maX/ /mɯaX/ /maɨX/ /maX/ /maX/
Old Chinese pronunciation (馬, reconstructed)
Baxter-Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character Modern Beijing
(Pinyin)		 Middle Chinese Old Chinese English
馬 mǎ ‹ mæX › /*mˤraʔ/ horse

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter-Sagart system:

  • Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
  • Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
  • Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
  • Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;
  • Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character No. Phonetic
component		 Rime
group		 Rime
subdivision		 Corresponding
MC rime		 Old Chinese Notes
馬 8715 馬 魚 0 馬 /*mraːʔ/

Definitions[edit]

馬 (classifier 匹)

  1. (Beginning Mandarin) horse
  2. A surname​.

Compounds[edit]

Derived terms

References[edit]

  • "马" (in Mandarin/English), MDBG English to Chinese dictionary ( Based on CC-CEDICT ). URL accessed on 2014-02-17.

Japanese[edit]

Kanji[edit]

Japanese stroke order
馬-jbw.png
See also:
馬

(grade 2 “Kyōiku” kanji)

  1. horse

Readings[edit]

Compounds[edit]

Compounds
Japanese Wikipedia has an article on:

Wikipedia ja

Wikipedia has an article on:

Wikipedia

馬

Etymology 1[edit]

From Old Japanese. Recorded in the Nihon Shoki as having been brought over from the Korean peninsula kingdom of Baekje, with the earlier reading of ma. The initial m sound was apparently emphasized, possibly similar to *mma, becoming then uma or muma, via processes also seen in the word 梅 (ume, mume, “plum”).

The ma sound denoting "horse" is common to a number of languages of central Asia, where horses were first domesticated, suggesting a possible cognate root. Compare Manchu ᠮᠣᡵᡳᠨ (morin, “horse”), Mongol морь (morj, “horse”), Korean 말 (mal, “horse”), Mandarin 馬 (mă, “horse”), and Proto-Indo-European *mark(')- (“horse”) and descendants such as Irish marc (“horse”, archaic) or English mare (“female horse”). More at *mark(')-.

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

馬 (counter 匹, hiragana うま, romaji uma)

  1. a horse
  2. (shogi) a promoted bishop
  3. a sawhorse: a four-leg stand made of wood or iron for supporting other materials

Etymology 2[edit]

Shift from uma form, becoming more common starting from the Heian Period. This change later reverted, and muma is now considered obsolete.

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

馬 (hiragana むま, romaji muma)

  1. (obsolete) a horse
    • c. 759, Man'yōshū (book 20, poem #4372)
      阿志加良能 美佐可多麻波理 可閇理美須 阿例波久江由久 阿良志乎母 多志夜波婆可流 不破乃世伎 久江弖和波由久 牟麻能都米 都久志能佐伎尓 知麻利為弖 阿例波伊波々牟 母呂々々波 佐祁久等麻乎須 可閇利久麻弖尓
    • c. 935 Tosa Nikki
      ふぢはらのときざね、ふなぢなれど、むまのはなむけす。
    • c. 935 Tosa Nikki
      けふはあをむまをおもへど、かひなし。

References[edit]

  1. ^ 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, ISBN 4-385-13905-9

Korean[edit]

Hanja[edit]

馬 (ma)
Eumhun:

  • Sound (hangeul): 마 (McCune-Reischauer: ma, Yale: ma)
  • Name (hangeul): 말, 성 (revised: mal, seong, McCune-Reischauer: mal, sŏng, Yale: mal, seng)
  1. This entry needs a definition. Please add one, then remove {{defn}}.

Compounds[edit]

See also[edit]

Vietnamese[edit]

Character[edit]

Readings[edit]

Compounds[edit]

Etymology 1[edit]

Noun[edit]

馬 (ngựa)

  1. horse

Etymology 2[edit]

Noun[edit]

馬 (mứa)

  1. excess

Etymology 3[edit]

Noun[edit]

馬 (mựa)

  1. (dialectal) don't

Etymology 4[edit]

Noun[edit]

馬 (mả)

  1. tomb, grave
    • 1916: Nguyễn Đình Chiểu, Lục Vân Tiên, lines 921–922
      小(tiểu)童(đồng)庄(chẳng)及(kịp)哙(hỏi)㗍(han)/𦣰(nằm)陵(lăn)边(bên)馬(mả)哭(khóc)嘆(than)徘(bồi)徊(hồi)
      Before the page has a chance to pay a visit, / He throws himself down upon the grave, crying, lamenting, fretting.

Etymology 5[edit]

Verb[edit]

馬 (mở)

  1. to open

References[edit]

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