馬

See also 马

Translingual

simpl.		马
trad.		馬

Stroke order

Etymology

Pictogram (象形); derived from the pictogram of a horse with its head turned to look back and showing a flowing mane in the wind. The four short strokes at its base (灬) represent its feet, and the sweeping hook stroke in the lower right represents its tail.

Compare also 鳥 (“bird”), whose current form is similar (graphically, 灬 for claws/legs).

Contrast with 鹿 (“deer”), which saw a very different development, and 𢊁 (“bison”) (as in 薦), which is a hybrid: it has the the legs of 馬 (灬) but the head of 鹿.

Oracle bone script	Bronze inscriptions	Large seal script	Small seal script

Clerical script	Semi-cursive script	Cursive script

Han character

馬 (radical 187 馬+0, 10 strokes, cangjie input 尸手尸火 (SQSF), four-corner 7132₇)

1. horse
2. used as a surname
3. KangXi radical 187 馬

Derived terms

• 媽, 嗎, 闖, 罵, 螞, 碼, 瑪, 榪, 獁, 傌, 溤, 鐸, 遤, 鎷, 禡, 䣕, 㾺, 褭
• Index:Chinese radical/馬

References

• KangXi: page 1433, character 1
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 44572
• Dae Jaweon: page 1956, character 34
• Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 7, page 4539, character 1
• Unihan data for U+99AC

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Cantonese

Hanzi

馬 (simplified 马, jyutping maa5, Yale ma5)

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Hakka

Hanzi

馬 (POJ ma, Guangdong [Bao'an, Hong Kong, Meixian] ma¹, [Hailu, Siyan, Kwangtung] ma¹, ma³, Hagfa Pinyim ma1)

References

• CCDICT (Chineselanguage.org)
• Academia Sinica - Hakka-English Dictionary
• Lau, Chun-fat. Hakka Pinyin Dictionary (Chinese). Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press, 1997 (Chinese IME supplement) ISBN 962-201-750-9.

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Japanese

Kanji

Japanese stroke order

馬 (grade 2 “Kyōiku” kanji)

1. horse

Readings

• Go'on: め (me)
• Kan'on: ば (ba)
• Kanyō'on: ま (ma)
• Kun: うま (uma)

Compounds

Compounds

牛馬 (うしうま, ushi uma): oxen and horses 牛馬 (ぎゅうば, gyūba): livestock, beast of burden 河馬 (かば, kaba): hippopotamus, a hippo 馬酔木 馬面 (うまづら, umazura): a horseface, a very long face; horse-faced, very long-faced 馬鹿 (ばか, baka): a fool, an idiot; foolish, idiotic, stupid 馬鹿力 (ばかぢから, bakajikara): incredible strength; incredibly strong 馬脚 馬具 (ばぐ, bagu): horse harness, horse tack 馬券 馬耳東風 馬車 (ばしゃ, basha): horse-drawn carriage, wagon or cart 馬糧 (ばりょう, baryō): horse feed

馬車馬 馬術 (ばじゅつ, bajutsu): equestrianism, equestrian skills, horsemanship 馬上 (ばじょう, bajō): on horseback 馬力 (ばりき, bariki): horsepower 馬鈴薯 (ばれいしょ, bareisho): a potato (Solanum tuberosum) 馬簾 子馬 (こうま, kouma): a baby horse, a foal 馬子 (まご, mago): packhorse driver 馬手 木馬 (もくば, mokuba): a wooden horse 競馬 (けいば, keiba): a horse race 弓馬 (きゅうば, kyūba): archery and horsemanship

Wikipedia ^ja

Wikipedia

馬

Etymology 1

From Old Japanese. Recorded in the Nihon Shoki as having been brought over from the Korean peninsula kingdom of Baekje, with the earlier reading of ma. The initial m sound was apparently emphasized, possibly similar to *mma, becoming then uma or muma, via processes also seen in the word 梅 (ume, mume, “plum”).

The ma sound denoting "horse" is common to a number of languages of central Asia, where horses were first domesticated, suggesting a possible cognate root. Compare Manchu morin (“horse”), Mongol морь (morj, “horse”), Korean 말 (mal, “horse”), Mandarin 馬 (mă, “horse”), and Proto-Indo-European *mark(')- (“horse”) and descendants such as Irish marc (“horse”, archaic) or English mare (“female horse”).

Pronunciation

• Kun'yomi
• IPA: [ɯᵝ.ꜛmä]

Noun

馬 (hiragana うま, romaji uma)

1. a horse
2. (shogi) a promoted bishop
3. a sawhorse: a four-leg stand made of wood or iron for supporting other materials

Etymology 2

Shift from uma form, becoming more common starting from the Heian Period. This change later reverted, and muma is now considered obsolete.

Pronunciation

• Kun'yomi
• IPA: [mɯᵝ.ꜛmä]

Noun

馬 (hiragana むま, romaji muma)

1. (obsolete) a horse
   • c. 759: Man'yōshū (book 20, poem #4372)

     阿志加良能 美佐可多麻波理 可閇理美須 阿例波久江由久 阿良志乎母 多志夜波婆可流 不破乃世伎 久江弖和波由久 牟麻能都米 都久志能佐伎尓 知麻利為弖 阿例波伊波々牟 母呂々々波 佐祁久等麻乎須 可閇利久麻弖尓

   • c. 935 Tosa Nikki

     ふぢはらのときざね、ふなぢなれど、むまのはなむけす。

   • c. 935 Tosa Nikki

     けふはあをむまをおもへど、かひなし。

References

• 1957, Tomotarō Suzuki; Hisao Kaaguchi, Yoshimoto Endō, Kyōichi Nishishita, Nihon Koten Bungaku Taikei 20: Tosa Nikki, Kagerō Nikki, Izumi Shikibu Nikki, Sarashina Nikki (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Iwanami Shoten, ISBN 4-00-060020-6:
• 2003 [c. 759], Akihiro Satake; Hideo Yamada, Rikio Kudō, Masao Ōtani, Yoshiyuki Yamazaki, Shin Nihon Koten Bungaku Taikei 4: Man'yōshū 4 (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Iwanami Shoten, ISBN 4-00-240004-2:

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Korean

Hanja

馬
Eumhun:

• Sound (hangeul): 마 (revised: ma, McCune-Reischauer: ma, Yale: ma)

• Name (hangeul): 말, 성 (revised: mal, seong, McCune-Reischauer: mal, sŏng, Yale: mal, seng)

Compounds

• 馬車 (마차, macha): horse-drawn carriage
• 競馬 (경마, gyeongma): horserace

See also

• 말 (mal)

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Mandarin

Hanzi

馬 (simplified 马, pinyin mǎ (ma3), Wade-Giles ma³)

Compounds

• 馬馬虎虎 (mǎmǎhǔhǔ; 马马虎虎)
• 馬德里
• 馬拉松

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Min Nan

Hanzi

馬 (POJ bé, má)

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Vietnamese

Noun

馬 (mã, mứa, mựa, mở)

1. horse (large four-legged animal)