괴다

Korean

Pronunciation

• (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [ˈkwe̞(ː)da̠] ~ [ˈkø̞(ː)da̠]
• Phonetic hangul: [궤(ː)다/괴(ː)다]
  • Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

Romanizations
Revised Romanization?	goeda
Revised Romanization (translit.)?	goeda
McCune–Reischauer?	koeda
Yale Romanization?	kōyta

Etymology 1

First attested in the Won'gakgyeong eonhae (圓覺經諺解 / 원각경언해), 1465, as Middle Korean ᄀᆞᆸ다 (Yale: kopta). Cognate with Jeju 궤다 (gweda).

Verb

괴다 • (goeda) (infinitive 괘 or 괴어, sequential 괴니)

1. to pool, to form a puddle

Synonyms

• 고이다 (goida)

Etymology 2

First attested in the Hunminjeong'eum haerye (訓民正音解例 / 훈민정음해례), 1446, as Middle Korean 괴다 (Yale: kwoyta). Cognate with Jeju 궤다 (gweda) and possible cognate with Japanese こい (Koi)

Verb

괴다 • (goeda) (infinitive 괘 or 괴어, sequential 괴니)

1. (archaic or obsolete) to love; to dote on
   • c. 1790, 樂學拾零 (Akhak Seumnyeong):

     가다가 올지라도 오다가 가지 마소
     뮈다가 괼지라도 괴다가 뮈지 마소

     gadaga oljirado odaga gaji maso
     mwidaga goeljirado goedaga mwiji maso

     You can be about to go, then come back; but don't be about to to come, then go.
     You can hate me, then love me next; but don't love me, then hate me next.

2. (North Korea, chiefly negative) to venerate

Synonyms

• 사랑하다 (saranghada) (to love)
• 숭상하다 (sungsanghada) (to venerate)

Conjugation

    Selected forms of the verb 괴다 (goeda): vowel-stem, regular

Sentence-final forms
		Formal non-polite (해라체)	Informal non-polite (해체)	Informal polite (해요체)	Formal polite (하십시오체)
Indicative	Non-past	괸다 goenda	괘 gwae	괘요, 괴어요 gwaeyo, goeeoyo	굅니다 goemnida
	Past	괬다 gwaetda	괬어 gwaesseo	괬어요 gwaesseoyo	괬습니다 gwaetseumnida
Interrogative	Non-past	괴느냐 goeneunya	괘 gwae	괘요, 괴어요 gwaeyo, goeeoyo	굅니까 goemnikka
	Past	괬느냐 gwaenneunya	괬어 gwaesseo	괬어요 gwaesseoyo	괬습니까 gwaetseumnikka
Hortative		괴자 goeja	괘 gwae	괘요, 괴어요 gwaeyo, goeeoyo	괴십시다 goesipsida
Imperative		괘라, 괴어라 gwaera, goeeora	괘 gwae	괘요, 괴어요 gwaeyo, goeeoyo	굅시오 goepsio
Assertive		괴겠다 goegetda	괴겠어 goegesseo	괴겠어요 goegesseoyo	괴겠습니다 goegetseumnida
Connective forms
Cause/Reason		괘 gwae	괘서, 괴어서 gwaeseo, goeeoseo	괴니 goeni	괴니까 goenikka
Contrast		괴지만 goejiman	괴는데 goeneunde	괴더니 goedeoni
Conjunction		괴고 goego
Condition		괴면 goemyeon	괘야, 괴어야 gwaeya, goeeoya
Motive		괴려고 goeryeogo
Noun and determiner forms
Verbal nouns		굄 goem	괴기 goegi
Past-tense verbal nouns		괬음, 괴었음 gwaesseum, goeeosseum	괬기, 괴었기 gwaetgi, goeeotgi
Determiners	Past	괸 goen
	Present	괴는 goeneun
	Future	괼 goel

Sentence-final forms with honorific
		Formal non-polite (해라체)	Informal non-polite (해체)	Informal polite (해요체)	Formal polite (하십시오체)
Indicative	Non-past	괴신다 goesinda	괴셔 goesyeo	괴세요, 괴셔요 goeseyo, goesyeoyo	괴십니다 goesimnida
	Past	괴셨다 goesyeotda	괴셨어 goesyeosseo	괴셨어요 goesyeosseoyo	괴셨습니다 goesyeotseumnida
Interrogative	Non-past	괴시느냐 goesineunya	괴셔 goesyeo	괴세요, 괴셔요 goeseyo, goesyeoyo	괴십니까 goesimnikka
	Past	괴셨느냐 goesyeonneunya	괴셨어 goesyeosseo	괴셨어요 goesyeosseoyo	괴셨습니까 goesyeotseumnikka
Imperative		괴시라 goesira	괴셔 goesyeo	괴세요 goeseyo	괴십시오 goesipsio
Assertive		괴시겠다 goesigetda	괴시겠어 goesigesseo	괴시겠어요 goesigesseoyo	괴시겠습니다 goesigetseumnida
Connective forms with honorific
Cause/Reason		괴셔 goesyeo	괴셔서 goesyeoseo	괴시니 goesini	괴시니까 goesinikka
Contrast		괴시지만 goesijiman	괴시는데 goesineunde	괴시더니 goesideoni
Conjunction		괴시고 goesigo
Condition		괴시면 goesimyeon	괴셔야 goesyeoya
Motive		괴시려고 goesiryeogo
Noun and determiner forms with honorific
Verbal nouns		괴심 goesim	괴시기 goesigi
Past-tense verbal nouns		괴셨음 goesyeosseum	괴셨기 goesyeotgi
Determiners	Past	괴신 goesin
	Present	괴시는 goesineun
	Future	괴실 goesil

Middle Korean

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /kǒj.tá/

Verb

괴〯다〮 (kwǒytá) (infinitive 괴여〮 (kwòyyé), sequential 괴〯니〮 (kwǒyní))

1. to love (often but not always romantic)

   Synonyms: ᄃᆞᆺ〯다〮 (tǒstá, especially non-romantically), ᄉᆞ라ᇰᄒᆞ다〮 (sòlàng-hòtá)

   • 1500s [1300s], “서경별곡/西京別曲 [Seogyeong byeolgok]”, in 악장가사/樂章歌詞 [Akjang Gasa]:

     괴시란ᄃᆡ 아즐가 괴시란ᄃᆡ 우러곰 좃니노ᅌᅵ다

     kwoysilantoy aculka kwoysilantoy wule-kwom cwosninwongita

     If you only loved me, oh, if you only loved me, I would chase after you as I wept.

   • 1500s [1300s?], “사모곡/思母曲 [Samo-gok]”, in 악장가사/樂章歌詞 [Akjang Gasa]:

     아바님도 어이어신 마ᄅᆞᄂᆞᆫ 어마님 ᄀᆞ티 괴시리 업세라

     apa-nim-two ei-Gesin malonon ema-nim kothi kwoysil_i epseyla

     My father is my parent, too, but there is none who can love me like my mother does.

   • 1500s [1400s?], “삼성대왕/三城大王”, in 시용향악보/時用鄕樂譜 [Siyong hyang'akbo]:

     다롱다리 三(삼)城(셩)大(대)王(왕) 녜라와 괴쇼셔

     talwongtali SAM.SYENG.TAY.WANG nyey-lawoa kwoysyosye

     Talwongtali, Great King of the Three Towns [the title of a deity]! Favor us more than [you have] before.

Descendants

• Korean: 괴다 (goeda)
• Jeju: 궤다 (gweda)