낙

낙 U+B099, 낙 HANGUL SYLLABLE NAG Composition: ㄴ + ㅏ + ㄱ ← 나 [U+B098] Hangul Syllables 낚 → [U+B09A]

나낙낚낛난낝낞 낟날낡낢낣낤낥 낦낧남납낪낫났 낭낮낯낰낱낲낳
끼 ←	→ 내

Early Modern Korean

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [nak̚]

Etymology 1

Sino-Korean word from 樂 (“joy, happiness”).

Noun

낙 (nak) (hanja 樂)

1. enjoyment, joy, delight

Descendants

• Korean: 낙(樂) (nak), 락(樂) (rak)

Etymology 2

Sino-Korean word from 洛 (“the Luo river, Luoyang”). Luoyang was the capital of many ancient Chinese empires, whence the figurative use.

Noun

낙 (nak) (hanja 洛)

1. (figurative) any capital city, especially Seoul
   • 1772, 의유당/意幽堂 (Uiyu-dang), “동명일기/東溟日記 (Dongmyeong'ilgi)”, in 의유당관북유람일기/意幽堂關北遊覽日記 (Uiyu-dang Gwanbuk yuram ilgi):

     긔튝년 팔월의 낙을 ᄯᅥ나 구월 초ᄉᆡᆼ의 함흥으로 오니 다 니ᄅᆞ기ᄅᆞᆯ 일월츌이 보암ᄌᆞᆨ다 하ᄃᆡ […]

     Kuythywuk-nyen pal-wuel-uy nak-ul stena kwu wuel chwosoyng-uy Hamhung-ulwo woni ta niloki-lol ilwuelchywul-i pwoamcok-ta hatoy […]

     We departed Seoul on the eighth month of the gichuk year [1769], and in the early days of the ninth month, we arrived at Hamhung, where everybody says that the sunrise and the moonrise are well worth seeing […]

Korean

Pronunciation

• (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [na̠k̚]
• Phonetic hangul: [낙]

Romanizations
Revised Romanization?	nak
Revised Romanization (translit.)?	nag
McCune–Reischauer?	nak
Yale Romanization?	nak

Etymology 1

Sino-Korean word from 樂 (“joy, happiness”).

Noun

South Korean Standard Language	낙(樂) (nak)
North Korean Standard Language	락(樂) (rak)

낙 • (nak) (hanja 樂)

1. enjoyment, joy, delight (especially a joy serving as a purpose of one's life)

   Synonyms: 재미 (jaemi), 즐거움 (jeulgeoum)

   아이가 인생의 낙이라는 말은 이제 시대착오적 발상이다.

   ai-ga insaeng-ui nag-iraneun mar-eun ije sidaechagojeok balsang-ida.

   That [having] children is the joy of one's life is now an anachronistic notion.

Derived terms

• See the hanja entry at 樂 for Sino-Korean compounds of 낙 (樂, nak).

Etymology 2

Sino-Korean word from 洛 (“the Luo river, Luoyang”).

Proper noun

South Korean Standard Language	낙(洛) (Nak)
North Korean Standard Language	락(洛) (Rak)

낙 • (Nak) (hanja 洛)

1. (rare) Synonym of 낙수(洛水) (naksu( 洛水 ), “the Luo river”, a central Chinese river)
2. (rare) Synonym of 낙양(洛陽) (nagyang( 洛陽 ), “Luoyang”, Chinese city and ancient capital)

Derived terms

• See the hanja entry at 洛 for Sino-Korean compounds of 낙 (洛, nak).

Etymology 3

Modern Korean reading of various Chinese characters, from Middle Korean 낙〮 (Yale: nák).

Syllable

낙 (nak)

Extended content
諾: reply; answer (eumhun reading: 대답할 낙 (daedaphal nak)) (MC reading: 諾 (MC nak))

Etymology 4

Korean reading of various Chinese characters in isolation or as the first element of a compound. From Middle Korean 낙〮 (Yale: nák) or 락 (Yale: lák). When preceded by another character in a compound, they take the 락 (rak) form.

In the North Korean standard (and in the speech of Koreans in China, who use the Northern standard), these characters are always read as 락 (rak). However, this is the result of an artificial standardization of Sino-Korean readings. Before the establishment of North Korea, most dialects of Korean read the characters as 낙 (nak) in isolation and initial position, due to a phonological restriction against having word-initial [r-].

Syllable

낙 (nak)

Extended content

落: fall, drop (eumhun reading: 떨어질 낙 (tteoreojil nak)) (MC reading: 落 (MC lak)) 樂: joy, delight (eumhun reading: 즐길 낙 (jeulgil nak)) (MC reading: 樂 (MC ngaewH|ngaewk|lak)) 洛: the Luo river (eumhun reading: 물 이름 낙 (mul ireum nak)) (MC reading: 洛 (MC lak)) 絡: tie, enmesh (eumhun reading: 이을 낙 (ieul nak)) (MC reading: 絡 (MC lak)) 珞: jade necklace (eumhun reading: 구슬 목걸이 낙 (guseul mokgeori nak)) (MC reading: 珞 (MC lak)) 酪: type of alcohol (eumhun reading: 쇠젖 낙 (soejeot nak)) (MC reading: 酪 (MC lak)) 烙: brand (on livestock) (eumhun reading: 지질 낙 (jijil nak)) (MC reading: 烙 (MC lak)) 駱: camel (eumhun reading: 낙타 낙 (nakta nak)) (MC reading: 駱 (MC lak)) 諾: reply; answer (eumhun reading: 대답할 낙 (daedaphal nak)) (MC reading: 諾 (MC nak)) 嗠: fermented beverage (eumhun reading: 식초 낙 (sikcho nak)) (MC reading: 嗠) 雒: type of owl (eumhun reading: 수리부엉이 낙 (suribueong'i nak)) (MC reading: 雒 (MC lak)) 犖: brindled ox (eumhun reading: 얼룩소 낙 (eollukso nak)) (MC reading: 犖 (MC laewk)) 䀩: look askance (eumhun reading: 곁눈질할 낙 (gyeonnunjilhal nak)) (MC reading: 䀩 (MC ljak|lak))

References

• Supreme Court of the Republic of Korea (대한민국 대법원, Daehanmin'guk Daebeobwon) (2018). Table of hanja for personal names (인명용 한자표 / 人名用漢字表, Inmyeong-yong hanja-pyo). [1]