열다

Korean

Etymology

First attested in the Yongbi eocheon'ga (龍飛御天歌 / 용비어천가), 1447, as Middle Korean 열〯다〮 (Yale: yěl-tá). Cognate with Jeju ᄋᆢᆯ다 (yawlda, “to open”).

Pronunciation

• (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [ˈjɘ(ː)ɭda̠]

  • (file)

• Phonetic hangul: [열(ː)다]
  • Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

Romanizations
Revised Romanization?	yeolda
Revised Romanization (translit.)?	yeolda
McCune–Reischauer?	yŏlda
Yale Romanization?	yēlta

Verb

Korean verb set

Base	열다 (yeolda)
Passive	열리다 (yeollida)

열다 • (yeolda) (infinitive 열어, sequential 여니)

1. (transitive) to open

   Antonym: 닫다 (datda)

   오늘 문 여는 시간이 어떻게 되나요?

   Oneul mun yeoneun sigan-i eotteoke doenayo?

   What is the opening time today?

   이 가게는 몇 시에 문을 열어요?

   I gage-neun myeot sie mun-eul yeoreoyo?

   What time does this shop/store open?

   그는 창문을 열고 풍경을 감상했다.

   Geu-neun changmun-eul yeolgo punggyeong-eul gamsanghaetda.

   He opened the window and enjoyed the scenery.

2. (transitive) to hold (an event, meeting, etc.)

   Antonym: 닫다 (datda)

3. (intransitive, of fruits, rare) to ripen

   Synonym: 열리다 (yeollida)

Conjugation

    Selected forms of the verb 열다 (yeolda): consonant-stem, ㄹ(l)-irregular

Sentence-final forms
		Formal non-polite (해라체)	Informal non-polite (해체)	Informal polite (해요체)	Formal polite (하십시오체)
Indicative	Non-past	연다 yeonda	열어 yeoreo	열어요 yeoreoyo	엽니다 yeomnida
	Past	열었다 yeoreotda	열었어 yeoreosseo	열었어요 yeoreosseoyo	열었습니다 yeoreotseumnida
Interrogative	Non-past	여느냐 yeoneunya	열어 yeoreo	열어요 yeoreoyo	엽니까 yeomnikka
	Past	열었느냐 yeoreonneunya	열었어 yeoreosseo	열었어요 yeoreosseoyo	열었습니까 yeoreotseumnikka
Hortative		열자 yeolja	열어 yeoreo	열어요 yeoreoyo	여십시다 yeosipsida
Imperative		열어라 yeoreora	열어 yeoreo	열어요 yeoreoyo	엽시오 yeopsio
Assertive		열겠다 yeolgetda	열겠어 yeolgesseo	열겠어요 yeolgesseoyo	열겠습니다 yeolgetseumnida
Connective forms
Cause/Reason		열어 yeoreo	열어서 yeoreoseo	여니 yeoni	여니까 yeonikka
Contrast		열지만 yeoljiman	여는데 yeoneunde	열더니 yeoldeoni
Conjunction		열고 yeolgo
Condition		열면 yeolmyeon	열어야 yeoreoya
Motive		열려고 yeollyeogo
Noun and determiner forms
Verbal nouns		엶 yeom	열기 yeolgi
Past-tense verbal nouns		열었음 yeoreosseum	열었기 yeoreotgi
Determiners	Past	연 yeon
	Present	여는 yeoneun
	Future	열 yeol

Sentence-final forms with honorific
		Formal non-polite (해라체)	Informal non-polite (해체)	Informal polite (해요체)	Formal polite (하십시오체)
Indicative	Non-past	여신다 yeosinda	여셔 yeosyeo	여세요, 여셔요 yeoseyo, yeosyeoyo	여십니다 yeosimnida
	Past	여셨다 yeosyeotda	여셨어 yeosyeosseo	여셨어요 yeosyeosseoyo	여셨습니다 yeosyeotseumnida
Interrogative	Non-past	여시느냐 yeosineunya	여셔 yeosyeo	여세요, 여셔요 yeoseyo, yeosyeoyo	여십니까 yeosimnikka
	Past	여셨느냐 yeosyeonneunya	여셨어 yeosyeosseo	여셨어요 yeosyeosseoyo	여셨습니까 yeosyeotseumnikka
Imperative		여시라 yeosira	여셔 yeosyeo	여세요 yeoseyo	여십시오 yeosipsio
Assertive		여시겠다 yeosigetda	여시겠어 yeosigesseo	여시겠어요 yeosigesseoyo	여시겠습니다 yeosigetseumnida
Connective forms with honorific
Cause/Reason		여셔 yeosyeo	여셔서 yeosyeoseo	여시니 yeosini	여시니까 yeosinikka
Contrast		여시지만 yeosijiman	여시는데 yeosineunde	여시더니 yeosideoni
Conjunction		여시고 yeosigo
Condition		여시면 yeosimyeon	여셔야 yeosyeoya
Motive		여시려고 yeosiryeogo
Noun and determiner forms with honorific
Verbal nouns		여심 yeosim	여시기 yeosigi
Past-tense verbal nouns		여셨음 yeosyeosseum	여셨기 yeosyeotgi
Determiners	Past	여신 yeosin
	Present	여시는 yeosineun
	Future	여실 yeosil

Middle Korean

Verb

열〯다〮 (yěl-tá)

1. Phonemically faithful spelling of 여〯다〮 (yě-tá, “to open, to ripen”) (rarely or never used in actual Middle Korean)