Appendix:Afrikaans and Dutch Swadesh lists

Presentation

At the end of the 1940s, new insights of radiocarbon dating became known to the public. Linguist Morris Swadesh believed that words decayed with age in a roughly similar way and therefore applied similar methods to determine the relationship of languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.

For further information, including the full final version, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.

List

No.	English	Dutch	Afrikaans	German
1	I	ik	ek	ich
2	you (singular)	jij, je (informal) u (formal)	jy (informal) u (formal)	du (informal) Sie (formal)
3	he	hij	hy	er
4	we	wij, we (oblique case: ons)	ons	wir (oblique case: uns)
5	you (plural)	jullie u (formal)	julle u (formal)	ihr Sie (formal)
6	they	zij, ze	hulle	sie
7	this	deze, dit	dié, hierdie	dieses
8	that	die, dat	dat, daardie	jenes
9	here	hier, her	hier	hier
10	there	daar, der	daar	da, dort
11	who	wie	wie	wer
12	what	wat	wat	was
13	where	waar	waar	wo
14	when	wanneer	wanneer	wann, wenn
15	how	hoe	hoe	wie
16	not	niet	nie	nicht
17	all	al, alle	alle	all, alle
18	many	veel, menig	baie, vele	viel
19	some	enkele, sommige	party, sekere, sommige	einige
20	few	weinig	min	wenig
21	other	ander	ander	ander
22	one	een	een	ein
23	two	twee	twee	zwei
24	three	drie	drie	drei
25	four	vier	vier	vier
26	five	vijf	vyf	fünf
27	big	groot	groot	gross
28	long	lang	lank, lang	lang
29	wide	breed, wijd	wyd	breit, weit
30	thick	dik	dik	dick
31	heavy	zwaar	swaar	schwer
32	small	klein	klein	klein
33	short	kort	kort	kurz
34	narrow	smal	nou, smal	schmal
35	thin	dun	dun	dünn
36	woman	vrouw	vrou	Frau
37	man (adult male)	man	man	Mann
38	man (human being)	mens	mens	Mensch
39	child (a youth)	kind	kind	Kind
40	wife	vrouw, echtgenote, gade (archaic)	vrou, eggenoot, gade	Frau
41	husband	man, echtgenoot, gade (archaic)	man, eggenoot, gade	Mann
42	mother	moeder	moeder	Mutter
43	father	vader	vader	Vater
44	animal	dier	dier	Tier
45	fish	vis	vis	Fisch
46	bird	vogel	voël	Vogel
47	dog	hond	hond	Hund
48	louse	luis	luis	Laus
49	snake	slang	slang	Schlange
50	worm	worm	wurm	Wurm
51	tree	boom	boom	Baum
52	forest	woud, bos	woud, bos	Wald
53	stick (of wood)	stok	stok	Stock
54	fruit	fruit, vrucht	vrug	Frucht
55	seed	zaad	saad	Same
56	leaf	blad	blaar	Blatt
57	root	wortel	wortel	Wurzel
58	bark (of tree)	schors	bas	Rinde
59	flower	bloem	blom	Blume
60	grass	gras	gras	Gras
61	rope	touw, koord	tou, koord	Tau
62	skin (of a person)	vel, huid	vel	Haut
63	meat (as in flesh)	vlees	vleis	Fleisch
64	blood	bloed	bloed	Blut
65	bone	been	been	Bein
66	fat (noun)	vet	vet	fett
67	egg	ei	ei	Ei
68	horn	hoorn	horing	Horn
69	tail	staart	stert	Schwanz
70	feather (rather not down)	veer	veer	Feder
71	hair	haar	haar	Haar
72	head	hoofd, kop	kop	Kopf, Haupt
73	ear	oor	oor	Ohr
74	eye	oog	oog	Auge
75	nose	neus	neus	Nase
76	mouth	mond	mond	Mund
77	tooth (rather not molar)	tand	tand	Zahn
78	tongue	tong	tong	Zunge
79	fingernail	nagel, vingernagel	nael, vingernael	Fingernagel
80	foot	voet	voet	Fuß
81	leg	been	been	Bein
82	knee	knie	knie	Knie
83	hand	hand	hand	Hand
84	wing	vleugel, vlerk (poetic)	vlerk	Flügel
85	belly	buik, maag	maag	Bauch, Magen
86	guts	ingewanden	ingewande	Eingeweide
87	neck	nek	nek	Nacken
88	back	rug	rug	Rücken
89	breast	borst	bors	Brust
90	heart	hart	hart	Herz
91	liver	lever	lewer	Leber
92	to drink	drinken	drink	trinken
93	to eat	eten	eet	essen
94	to bite	bijten	byt	beißen
95	to suck	zuigen	suig	saugen
96	to spit	spuwen, spugen	spoeg	spucken
97	to vomit	kotsen, overgeven, braken	kots, opgooi, braak	kotzen, erbrechen
98	to blow (as wind)	waaien, blazen	waai, blaas	blasen
99	to breathe	ademen, ademhalen	asemhaal	atmen
100	to laugh	lachen	lag	lachen
101	to see	zien	sien	sehen
102	to hear	horen	hoor	hören
103	to know (a fact)	weten	weet	wissen
104	to think	denken	dink	denken
105	to smell (sense odor)	ruiken, rieken	ruik	riechen
106	to fear	vrezen	vrees	fürchten
107	to sleep	slapen	slaap	schlafen
108	to live	leven	lewe	leben
109	to die	sterven, doodgaan	sterf, doodgaan	sterben
110	to kill	doden, doodmaken	doodmaak	töten
111	to fight	vechten	veg	fechten
112	to hunt (transitive)	jagen	jag	jagen
113	to hit	treffen, raken	tref, slaan	schlagen
114	to cut	knippen, snijden	knip, sny	kneifen, schneiden
115	to split	splijten	kloof	spalten
116	to stab (or stick)	steken	steek	stechen
117	to scratch (an itch)	krabben	krap	greifen
118	to dig	graven	grawe	graben
119	to swim	zwemmen	swem	schwimmen
120	to fly	vliegen	vlieg	fliegen
121	to walk	stappen, wandelen, lopen	stap, wandel, loop	laufen
122	to come	komen	kom	kommen
123	to lie (as on one's side)	liggen	lê	liegen
124	to sit	zitten	sit	sitzen
125	to stand	staan, rechtstaan	staan, opstaan (action)	stehen
126	to turn (change direction)	draaien	draai	drehen
127	to fall (as in drop)	vallen	val	fallen
128	to give	geven	gee	geben
129	to hold (in one's hand)	houden	hou	halten
130	to squeeze	knijpen	druk	kneifen
131	to rub	wrijven	vryf	reiben
132	to wash	wassen	was	waschen
133	to wipe	vegen	vee	weinen
134	to pull	trekken	trek	drücken
135	to push	duwen, stoten	stoot	stoßen
136	to throw	werpen, gooien, smijten	gooi	werfen
137	to tie	binden, knopen	bind, knoop	binden, knüpfen
138	to sew	naaien	naai	nähen
139	to count	tellen	tel	zählen
140	to say	zeggen	sê	sagen
141	to sing	zingen	sing	singen
142	to play	spelen	speel	spielen
143	to float	zweven (in the air), drijven (on water)	sweef, dryf	schweben
144	to flow	vloeien	vloei	fließen
145	to freeze	vriezen	vries	frieren
146	to swell	zwellen	swel	schwellen
147	sun	zon	son	Sonne
148	moon	maan	maan	Mond
149	star	ster	ster	Stern
150	water	water	water	Wasser
151	to rain	regen	reën	Regen
152	river	rivier, stroom	rivier	Fluss
153	lake	meer	meer	See ("Meer" means "sea")
154	sea (as in ocean)	zee	see	Meer ("See" means "lake")
155	salt	zout	sout	Salz
156	stone	steen	klip	Stein, Klippe
157	sand	zand	sand	Sand
158	dust	stof	stof	Staub
159	earth (as in soil)	aarde, grond	grond	Erde, Grund
160	cloud	wolk	wolk	Wolke
161	fog	mist, nevel	mis	Nebel
162	sky	lucht	lug	Luft
163	wind (as in breeze)	wind, bries	wind, briesie	Wind
164	snow	sneeuw	sneeu	Schnee
165	ice	ijs	ys	Eis
166	smoke	rook	rook	Rauch
167	fire	vuur	vuur	Feuer
168	ash	as	as	Asche
169	to burn (intransitive)	branden	brand	brennen, branden
170	road	weg	pad	Weg, Pfad
171	mountain	berg	berg	Berg
172	red	rood	rooi	rot
173	green	groen	groen	grün
174	yellow	geel	geel	gelb
175	white	wit	wit	weiß
176	black	zwart	swart	schwarz
177	night	nacht	nag	Nacht
178	day (daytime)	dag	dag	Tag
179	year	jaar	jaar	Jahr
180	warm (as in weather)	warm	warm	warm
181	cold (as in weather)	koud	koud	kalt
182	full	vol	vol	voll
183	new	nieuw	nuut, nuwe	neu
184	old	oud	oud	alt
185	good	goed	goed	gut
186	bad	slecht	sleg	schlecht
187	rotten (as, a log)	rot	vrot	rotten
188	dirty	vuil	vuil	schmutzig
189	straight	recht	reguit	recht
190	round	rond	rond	rund
191	sharp (as a knife)	scherp	skerp	scharf
192	dull (as a knife)	stomp, bot	stomp	stumpf
193	smooth	glad	glad	glatt
194	wet	nat	nat	nass
195	dry (adjective)	droog, dor	droog	trocken, dürr
196	right (correct)	juist, correct	reg, korrek	recht
197	near	nabij, dichtbij	naby	dicht, bei
198	far	ver	ver	fern
199	right (side)	rechts	regs	rechts
200	left (side)	links	links	links
201	at	aan, te, bij	by	an, zu, bei
202	in	in, binnen	in, binne	in
203	with (accompanying)	met	met	mit
204	and	en	en	und
205	if	als, indien	as	als
206	because	omdat, dewijl (archaic)	omdat	um, weil, da
207	name	naam	naam	Name

Swadesh lists
Individual languages
Afrikaans – Albanian – Antillean Creole – Arabic (standard) (p), Egyptian Arabic (p), Palestinian Arabic (p), Tunisian Arabic (t) – Armenian (t,p) – Aromanian – Bangala – Bashkir – Basque – Belarusian – Breton – Bulgarian (t) – Burmese (t,p) – Catalan – Chechen – Chinese: Cantonese, Gan (p), Mandarin (t,p), Min Nan (Amoy) (p), Old Chinese (p) – Croatian – Czech – Danish – Dutch (p) – Egyptian (Middle)  – Esperanto – Estonian – Finnish – Fiji Hindi – Fijian – French (p) – Frisian (West) – Friulian – Georgian (t,p) – German (p) – Greek (modern) (p), Greek (ancient) – Guaraní – Haida – Haitian Creole – Hausa – Hawaiian – Hindi (t) – Hittite – Hmong (White) (p) – Hungarian – Icelandic – Indonesian – Irish (p) – Istro-Romanian – Italian (p) – Japanese (t) – Kashubian – Khmer (p) – Korean (t) – Kurdish – Latin – Latvian – Lingala – Lingua Franca Nova – Lithuanian – Luwian – Macedonian (t) – Malagasy – Malay – Maltese – Megleno-Romanian – Mongolian (t) – Old Portuguese (p) – Ossetian (p) – Polish (p) – Portuguese (p) – Proto-Indo-European – Purepecha – Quechua – Romani – Romanian – Russian (p) – Sanskrit (t) – Scottish Gaelic – Serbo-Croatian – Sinhalese – Slovenian – Spanish (p) – Sranan – Swahili – Swedish – Tagalog – Tajik (t) – Tahitian – Thai (t) – Tocharian B – Tok Pisin – Turkish – Ukrainian – Vietnamese – Walloon – Zulu
Language families and family branches
Afro-Asiatic – Algonquian – Altaic – Araucanian – Austro-Asiatic – Australian – Austronesian – Baltic-Finnic – Bantu – Celtic – Dené–Yeniseian – Dravidian – Finno-Ugric – Frisian – Germanic – Hokan – Iberian – Italian – Indo-Iranian – Indo-Iranian (extended) – Mayan – Muskogean – Niger–Congo – Oto-Manguean – Paleosiberian – Penutian – Romance – Sino-Tibetan – Slavic – Siouan – Tai–Kadai – Tibeto-Burman – Tupi–Guarani – Turkic – Uto-Aztecan
The list may also include: (t) the transcription in Latin characters; (p) the phonetic transcription