This is a Swadesh list of 207 words in English and Czech. The Swadesh word list, developed by the linguist w:Morris Swadesh, is used as a tool to study the evolution of languages. It contains a set of basic words which can be found in every language. Various versions have been created, in particular:
- a complete 207 words version, in which some of the words are not found in every environment (it contains for instance snake and snow)
- a reduced 100 words version.
This word list should not be considered as an elementary lexicon to communicate with speakers of a given language; for such a purpose, the numerous existing w:Wikitravel lexicons are more useful. Its only objective is to give a rough idea of the language, by showing its lexical and, when possible, phonetics basis.
| No. |
English |
Czech
čeština |
| 1 |
I |
já |
| 2 |
you (singular) |
ty |
| 3 |
he |
on |
| 4 |
we |
my |
| 5 |
you (plural) |
vy |
| 6 |
they |
oni |
| 7 |
this |
tento, tato, toto |
| 8 |
that |
tamten, tamta, tamto |
| 9 |
here |
tady, tu |
| 10 |
there |
tam |
| 11 |
who |
kdo (interrogative) |
| 12 |
what |
co (interrogative) |
| 13 |
where |
kde (no movement, interrogative) |
| 14 |
when |
kdy (interrogative) |
| 15 |
how |
jak (interrogative) |
| 16 |
not |
ne |
| 17 |
all |
vše, všechno |
| 18 |
many |
mnoho |
| 19 |
some |
několik, pár, trocha |
| 20 |
few |
málo, nemnoho |
| 21 |
other |
jiný |
| 22 |
one |
jeden |
| 23 |
two |
dva |
| 24 |
three |
tři |
| 25 |
four |
čtyři |
| 26 |
five |
pět |
| 27 |
big |
velký |
| 28 |
long |
dlouhý |
| 29 |
wide |
široký |
| 30 |
thick |
tlustý, hrubý |
| 31 |
heavy |
těžký |
| 32 |
small |
malý |
| 33 |
short |
krátký |
| 34 |
narrow |
úzký |
| 35 |
thin |
tenký |
| 36 |
woman |
žena |
| 37 |
man (adult male) |
muž |
| 38 |
man (human being) |
člověk |
| 39 |
child |
dítě |
| 40 |
wife |
žena, manželka |
| 41 |
husband |
muž, manžel |
| 42 |
mother |
matka |
| 43 |
father |
otec |
| 44 |
animal |
zvíře |
| 45 |
fish |
ryba |
| 46 |
bird |
pták |
| 47 |
dog |
pes |
| 48 |
louse |
veš |
| 49 |
snake |
had |
| 50 |
worm |
červ |
| 51 |
tree |
strom |
| 52 |
forest |
les, hvozd |
| 53 |
stick |
hůl, klacek, prut |
| 54 |
fruit |
ovoce |
| 55 |
seed |
semeno |
| 56 |
leaf |
list |
| 57 |
root |
kořen |
| 58 |
bark (of a tree) |
kůra |
| 59 |
flower |
květ, květina, kytka |
| 60 |
grass |
tráva |
| 61 |
rope |
lano, provaz |
| 62 |
skin |
kůže |
| 63 |
meat |
maso |
| 64 |
blood |
krev |
| 65 |
bone |
kost |
| 66 |
fat (noun) |
tuk |
| 67 |
egg |
vejce |
| 68 |
horn |
roh |
| 69 |
tail |
ocas |
| 70 |
feather |
pero |
| 71 |
hair |
vlasy |
| 72 |
head |
hlava |
| 73 |
ear |
ucho |
| 74 |
eye |
oko |
| 75 |
nose |
nos |
| 76 |
mouth |
ústa |
| 77 |
tooth |
zub |
| 78 |
tongue (organ) |
jazyk |
| 79 |
fingernail |
nehet |
| 80 |
foot |
noha |
| 81 |
leg |
noha |
| 82 |
knee |
koleno |
| 83 |
hand |
ruka |
| 84 |
wing |
křídlo |
| 85 |
belly |
břicho |
| 86 |
guts |
vnitřnosti |
| 87 |
neck |
krk, šíje |
| 88 |
back |
záda, hřbet |
| 89 |
breast |
prs, hruď |
| 90 |
heart |
srdce |
| 91 |
liver |
játra |
| 92 |
to drink |
pít |
| 93 |
to eat |
jíst |
| 94 |
to bite |
kousat |
| 95 |
to suck |
sát |
| 96 |
to spit |
plivat |
| 97 |
to vomit |
zvracet |
| 98 |
to blow |
foukat |
| 99 |
to breathe |
dýchat |
| 100 |
to laugh |
smát se |
| 101 |
to see |
vidět |
| 102 |
to hear |
slyšet |
| 103 |
to know |
vědět, znát |
| 104 |
to think |
myslet |
| 105 |
to smell |
čichat |
| 106 |
to fear |
bát se |
| 107 |
to sleep |
spát |
| 108 |
to live |
žít |
| 109 |
to die |
umírat |
| 110 |
to kill |
zabít |
| 111 |
to fight |
bojovat |
| 112 |
to hunt |
lovit |
| 113 |
to hit |
udeřit |
| 114 |
to cut |
řezat |
| 115 |
to split |
rozdělit |
| 116 |
to stab |
bodnout |
| 117 |
to scratch |
škrábat |
| 118 |
to dig |
kopat |
| 119 |
to swim |
plavat |
| 120 |
to fly |
letět |
| 121 |
to walk |
jít |
| 122 |
to come |
přijít |
| 123 |
to lie (as in a bed) |
ležet (state) |
| 124 |
to sit |
sedět (state) |
| 125 |
to stand |
stát (state) |
| 126 |
to turn (intransitive) |
obrátit |
| 127 |
to fall |
padat, upadnout |
| 128 |
to give |
dát |
| 129 |
to hold |
držet |
| 130 |
to squeeze |
stlačit, zmáčknout, rozdrtit |
| 131 |
to rub |
třít |
| 132 |
to wash |
mýt, umývat |
| 133 |
to wipe |
utírat |
| 134 |
to pull |
tahat |
| 135 |
to push |
tlačit |
| 136 |
to throw |
házet |
| 137 |
to tie |
vázat |
| 138 |
to sew |
šít |
| 139 |
to count |
počítat |
| 140 |
to say |
říkat |
| 141 |
to sing |
zpívat, pět |
| 142 |
to play |
hrát |
| 143 |
to float |
plout |
| 144 |
to flow |
téci |
| 145 |
to freeze |
mrznout, zmrznout |
| 146 |
to swell |
otékat |
| 147 |
sun |
slunce |
| 148 |
moon |
měsíc, luna |
| 149 |
star |
hvězda |
| 150 |
water |
voda |
| 151 |
rain |
déšť |
| 152 |
river |
řeka |
| 153 |
lake |
jezero |
| 154 |
sea |
moře |
| 155 |
salt |
sůl |
| 156 |
stone |
kámen |
| 157 |
sand |
písek |
| 158 |
dust |
prach |
| 159 |
earth |
země |
| 160 |
cloud |
mrak, oblak |
| 161 |
fog |
mlha |
| 162 |
sky |
obloha, nebe |
| 163 |
wind |
vítr |
| 164 |
snow |
sníh |
| 165 |
ice |
led |
| 166 |
smoke |
kouř, dým |
| 167 |
fire |
oheň |
| 168 |
ash |
popel |
| 169 |
to burn |
hořet |
| 170 |
road |
silnice, cesta |
| 171 |
mountain |
hora |
| 172 |
red |
červený |
| 173 |
green |
zelený |
| 174 |
yellow |
žlutý |
| 175 |
white |
bílý |
| 176 |
black |
černý |
| 177 |
night |
noc |
| 178 |
day |
den |
| 179 |
year |
rok |
| 180 |
warm |
teplý |
| 181 |
cold |
studený, chladný |
| 182 |
full |
plný |
| 183 |
new |
nový |
| 184 |
old |
starý |
| 185 |
good |
dobrý |
| 186 |
bad |
špatný, zlý |
| 187 |
rotten |
shnilý |
| 188 |
dirty |
špinavý |
| 189 |
straight |
přímý |
| 190 |
round |
kulatý |
| 191 |
sharp (as a knife) |
ostrý |
| 192 |
dull (as a knife) |
tupý |
| 193 |
smooth |
hladký |
| 194 |
wet |
mokrý |
| 195 |
dry |
suchý |
| 196 |
correct |
správný |
| 197 |
near |
blízký |
| 198 |
far |
daleký |
| 199 |
right |
pravý |
| 200 |
left |
levý |
| 201 |
at |
u |
| 202 |
in |
v |
| 203 |
with |
s |
| 204 |
and |
a |
| 205 |
if |
jestliže, jestli, pokud |
| 206 |
because |
protože, neboť, poněvadž |
| 207 |
name |
jméno, název (not for animals and humans) |
See also [edit]
Bibliography [edit]
- Les langages de l'humanité (Michel Malherbe), Robert Laffont, Paris 1995 - ISBN 2-221-05947-6
External links [edit]
| Swadesh lists |
| Individual languages |
|
Afrikaans – Albanian – Antillean Creole – Arabic (standard) (p), Egyptian Arabic (p), Palestinian Arabic (p), Tunisian Arabic (t) – Armenian (t,p) – Aromanian – Bangala – Bashkir – Basque – Belarusian – Breton – Bulgarian (t) – Burmese (t,p) – Catalan – Chechen – Chinese: Cantonese, Gan (p), Mandarin (t,p), Min Nan (Amoy) (p), Old Chinese (p) – Croatian – Czech – Danish – Dutch (p) – Egyptian (Middle) – Esperanto – Estonian – Finnish – Fiji Hindi – Fijian – French (p) – Frisian (West) – Friulian – Georgian (t,p) – German (p) – Greek (modern) (p), Greek (ancient) – Guaraní – Haida – Haitian Creole – Hausa – Hawaiian – Hindi (t) – Hittite – Hmong (White) (p) – Hungarian – Icelandic – Indonesian – Irish (p) – Istro-Romanian – Italian (p) – Japanese (t) – Kashubian – Khmer (p) – Korean (t) – Kurdish – Latin – Latvian – Lingala – Lingua Franca Nova – Lithuanian – Luwian – Macedonian (t) – Malagasy – Malay – Maltese – Megleno-Romanian – Mongolian (t) – Old Portuguese (p) – Ossetian (p) – Polish (p) – Portuguese (p) – Proto-Indo-European – Purepecha – Quechua – Romani – Romanian – Russian (p) – Sanskrit (t) – Scottish Gaelic – Serbo-Croatian – Sinhalese – Slovenian – Spanish (p) – Sranan – Swahili – Swedish – Tagalog – Tajik (t) – Tahitian – Thai (t) – Tocharian B – Tok Pisin – Turkish – Ukrainian – Vietnamese – Walloon – Zulu
|
| Language families and family branches |
|
Afro-Asiatic – Algonquian – Altaic – Araucanian – Austro-Asiatic – Australian – Austronesian – Baltic-Finnic – Bantu – Celtic – Dené–Yeniseian – Dravidian – Finno-Ugric – Frisian – Germanic – Hokan – Iberian – Italian – Indo-Iranian – Indo-Iranian (extended) – Mayan – Muskogean – Niger–Congo – Oto-Manguean – Paleosiberian – Penutian – Romance – Sino-Tibetan – Slavic – Siouan – Tai–Kadai – Tibeto-Burman – Tupi–Guarani – Turkic – Uto-Aztecan
|
| The list may also include: (t) the transcription in Latin characters; (p) the phonetic transcription |