| Root |
Meaning |
Derivatives |
| *pasto- |
solid |
Skr. पस्त्य (pastyá), Gm. festi/fest, Eng. fæst/fast Arm. հաստ (hast), Goth. 𐍆𐌰𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌽 (fastan), ON fastr |
| *peg- |
breast |
Skr. पक्ष (pakṣá), Lat. pectus, Ltv. paksis, Russ. пах (pax), Toch. päśśäṃ/päścane, OIr. ucht |
| *peh₂- |
to protect |
Skr. पाति (pā́ti); pātram, Toch. pās/pāsk, Gk. pōy; pōma; ποιμήν (poimēn), Lat. pāstum, Gm. fōtar/Futter, Eng. fothor/; fōdder/, Lith. piemuō, Goth. fōdjan; fōdr, Av. pāiti, Pers. 𐎧𐏁𐏂𐎱𐎠𐎺𐎠 (xšaçapāvā)/پاییدن (pāyīdan), ON føða; fóðr, Arm. հորան (horan) |
| *peh₃i- |
to drink |
Russ. пить (pit'), Skr. पिबति (píbati), Gk. πίνω (pinō), Alb. pi, Ir. ibim/ibh, Welsh yfed, Lith. puota, Old Prussian poieiti, Hitt. pas, Thrac. pinon, Arm. ըմպել (ëmpel), Lat. bibere, Umbrian puni, OCS пити (piti) |
| *peḱ- |
to pluck |
*peḱu- "cattle"; Gk. πόκος; πέκω (pekō), Lat. pecu; pecus, Lith. pekus, Old Prussian pecku, Skr. पशु (páśu), Kurd. pas, Av. pasu, Goth. 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌿 (faihu), Eng. feoh/fee, ON fé, Gm. fihu/Vieh, Arm. ասր (asr), Gaul. equs |
| *pekʷ- |
to cook, become ripe |
Lat. coquere, Alb. pjek, Russ. пеку (peku), Skr. पचति (pácati), Toch. päk/päk, Welsh pobi, Gk. πέσσω (pessō), Kamviri puk, Lith. kepti, Ltv. cept, OCS pekǫ, Pers. /پختن (pukhtan), Old Prussian pektis, Eng. āfigen/ |
| *pel- |
flour |
Old Prussian pelwo, Lat. palea, Skr. पलाल (palāva), Lith. pelūs, Ltv. pelus, Russ. полова (polova) |
| *pel- |
gray |
Alb. plak, Arm. ալիք (alik'), Skr. पलित (palitá), Av. pouruša, Pers. /pūrū, Kurd. pêl, XMK pellus, Gk. πολιός (poliós); πελιτνός (pelitnós), Lat. palleō; pullus, Ir. liath, Welsh llwyd, Lith. pelekas, Ltv. pelēks, Old Prussian pelē, OCS плавъ (plavŭ), Russ. пелёсый (pelësyj), ON fǫlr, Gm. falo/falb, Eng. fealu/fallow |
| *pel- |
skin |
Gk. pélas; πέλμα (pelma), Lat. pellis, Russ. пелена (pelena), Goth. fill, Gm. fël/Fell, Eng. filmen/film, ON fjall, Lith. palà; plėnė, Ltv. plēne, Old Prussian pleynis, Alb. plah; pleh; pluhur |
| pelh₂- |
flat |
Hitt. palḫiš, Arm. հող (hoł); լայն (layn), Lith. plónas; platùs, Ltv. plãns; plañdît, Old Prussian plonis, Ir. lian/; lethan/; lethaid/, Welsh lleyn; llwyn; lledu, Eng. feld/field; /flat Gm. feld/feld, Gk. platýs; πλανάω (planaō); πλάσσω (plassō), Skr. पृथु (pṛthú), Av. fraθah, Lat. plānus, Russ. плоский (ploskij); nidar ploskŭ, OCS ploskŭ |
| *pent- |
road |
Lat. pons, Gk. πόντος (pontos), Skr. पथिन् (páthin), Av. pantå, Russ. путь (put'), Goth. 𐍆𐌹𐌽𐌸𐌰𐌽 (finþan), Eng. findan/find, Gm. findan/finden, ON finna, Arm. հուն (hun), Kamviri put, Old Prussian pintis, OIr. étain; áitt, OCS пѫть (pǫtĭ), Pers. paθim |
| *perd- |
to fart |
Russ. пердеть (perdet'), Skr. पर्दते (párdate), Lith. persti, Ltv. pirst, Phryg. perdomai, Alb. pjerth; pordhë, Eng. feortan/fart, Gm. ferzan/furzen, ON freta, Gk. πέρδομαι (perdomai), Av. pərəðaiti, Welsh rhech |
| *perkʷu- |
oak |
see Perkwunos. Lat. quercus, Lith. Perkúnas, Ltv. pērkons, Skr. पर्कटी (parkaṭī), ON fura, Eng. furh/fir, Gm. foraha/Föhre, Welsh perth, Goth. faírguni, Alb. shpardh/shparr |
| *pers- |
dust |
Toch. pärs/pärs, Av. paršuya, Lith. purkšti, Ltv. pārsla, ON fors, Hitt. pappars, Skr. पृषत् (pṛ́ṣat), OCS прахъ (praxŭ), Russ. прах (prax) |
| *persn-eh₂- |
heel |
Lat. perna/pernis, Skr. पार्ष्णि (pā́rṣṇi), Hitt. parsina, Goth. fairsna, Gm. fërsana/Ferse, Gk. πτέρνη (pternē), Eng. fiersn/— , Pers. -/پاشنا (pāshnā), Lith. pentinas |
| *perḱ- |
rib |
Lith. pìršys, Skr. पर्शु (párśu), Av. parəsu, Osset. фарс (fars), OCS prŭsi, Alb. parz(ëm) |
| *pes- |
penis |
Gk. πέος (peos), Lat. pēnis, Gm. faselt/Fasel, ON fösull, Eng. fæsl/-, Skr. पसस् (pásas) |
| *pet- |
to fly |
Eng. feþer/feather, Gm. fedara/Feder, ON fjǫðr, Lat. peto; penna; accipiter, Skr. पतति (pátati), Hitt. pattar, Gk. πτερόν; πίπτω; πέτομαι (petomai); ōkupétēs, Welsh eterin, Pers. udapatatā/, Arm. թռչել (t'ṙčel); թիռ (t'iṙ), Ir. ette/; én/, Welsh edn, Av. pataiti, Ltv. pētīt, Alb. shpendë |
| *pet- |
to open arms |
Gk. petannýnai, Lat. patēre; pandere, Av. paθana, OPruss pettis, Lith. petỹs, Eng. fæðm/fathom, ON faðmr, Gm. fadam/Faden; fademōn/, Scottish Gaelic aitheamh, Welsh edau, Alb. pjetem, Hitt. pattar |
| *ph₂tḗr |
father |
Lat. pater, Oscan 𐌓𐌝𐌕𐌀𐌐 (patír), Umbrian 𐌓𐌄𐌕𐌀𐌐𐌖𐌈 (iupater), Gk. πατήρ (patēr), Toch. pācar/pācer, Arm. հայր (hayr), Gaul. ātir; Ateronius, Skr. पितृ (pitṛ́), Gm. fater/Vater, Ir. athir/athair, Eng. fæder/father, Welsh gwaladr; edryd; edrydd; edryf, Kashmiri petū'r, Avest. ptā (dat. fədrōi), Pers. 𐎱𐎡𐎫𐎠 (pitā) / پدر (pedar), Osset. фыд (fyd)/fidæ, ON faðir, Goth. 𐍆𐌰𐌳𐌰𐍂 (fadar) |
| *pisd-eh₂- |
vulva |
Russ. пизда (pizdá), Lith. pyzdà, Ltv. pīzda, Alb. pidh, Nuristani pəṛí |
| *pleh₂k- |
to hit |
Lat. plangō; plága, Eng. flōk/fluke, Eng. flōcan/, Gk. plēgḗ; πλήσσω (plēssō), OCS plakati, Russ. плакать (plakat', "to weep"), Lith. plakti, Ir. lén; léssaim, Alb. ploje, Goth. flōkan, ON flókinn, Gm. fluoh/Fluch |
| *pleḱ- |
to plait/braid |
Gk. πλέκω (plekō); plokē, Lat. plectere; plicare, ON flétta, Goth. flahto, Gm. flehtan/flechten, Eng. fleohtan/; /flax; /flex, Skr. प्रश्न (praśna), Av. ərəzato frašnəm, OCS плєсти (plestí), Russ. плести (plestí), Alb. plaf, Lith. pinti |
| *pléu-mon- |
lung |
Gk. πλεύμων (pleumōn), Skr. क्लोमन् (klóman), Lith. plaučiai, Ltv. plaušas, Russ. плюче (pljuče), Old Prussian plauti, Serb. pluća |
| *plus-, *psul-, *pusl-, *bʰlus- (the original form distorted by folk etymologies) |
flea |
Lat. pūlex, Lith. blusà, Ltv. blusa, Russ. блоха (blokhá), Arm. լու (lu), Skr. प्लुषि (plúṣi), Gk. ψύλλα (psýlla), Alb. plesht, Pashto vrāž.a, ON fló, Eng. flēah/flea, Gm. flōh/Floh, Yidgha frīgo |
| *pénkʷe |
five |
Old Prussian pēnkjāi, Lith. penki, Ltv. pieci, Goth. fimf, Gm. fimf/fünf, Eng. fīf/five, ON fimm, Phryg. pinke, Gk. πέντε (pénte), Arm. հինգ (hing), Av. paṇča, Alb. pesë, Kashmiri pā.~tsh, Kamviri puč, Luw. panta, Osset. фондз (fondz), Pers. پنج (panj), OCS пѧть (pętĭ), Russ. пять (pjat'), Skr. पञ्चन् (páñcan), Toch. päñ/piś, Lat. quinque, Oscan pompe, Umbrian pumpe, Welsh pump, Ir. cóic/cúig, Gaul. pempe |
| *pneu- |
to breathe |
Gk. πνεῦμα (pneuma), ON fnýsa, Eng. fnēosan/sneeze Gm. fnehan/ |
| *pṓds |
foot |
Lith. pėda, Ltv. pēda, Lat. pēs, Umbrian peři, Skr. पद् (pád), Eng. fōt/foot, Arm. ոտ (ot), հետ (het). Gk. πούς (pous), Alb. poshtë; për-posh, Toch. peṃ/paiyye, Osset. фад (fad), Gm. fuoz/Fuß, OCS pēs, Russ. пеший (pešij), Old Prussian pe'da', Hitt. pata, Lyc. pede-, Luw. pati-, Av. pâdha, ON fótr, Goth. 𐍆𐍉𐍄𐌿𐍃 (fotus), Pers. 𐎱𐎠𐎭 (pāda) / پا (pā), Gaul. candetum, MIr. ined, XMK argiopus |
| *poymno- |
foam |
Lat. pūmex; spuma, Lith. spaine, Skr. फेन (phéna), OCS pĕna, Russ. пена (pena), Eng. fām/foam, Gm. feim/Feim, Osset. фынк (fynk), Old Prussian spoayno |
| *porḱo- |
farrow |
Lat. porcus, Gk pórkos, Lith. paršas, Old Pruss. parstian, Russ. поросята (porosjata), Eng. fearh/farrow, Ir. orc/orcán, Gm. farah/Ferkel, Umbrian purka, Kurd. purs, Saka pāsa |
| *pray- |
to like |
Skr. प्रीणाति (prīṇā́ti), OCS prĕjǫ, Russ. прижать (prižat'), Ltv. prieks, Gk. πρᾶος (praos), Av. frā/, Goth. freis; frijōn, Eng. /free; frēond/friend, Gm. friunt/Freund, ON Frigg, Welsh rhydd, Ir. ríar/ |
| *preu- |
to jump |
Russ. прыгать (prygat'), Skr. प्रवते (pravate), Gm. frosc/Frosch, Eng. frogga/frog, ON froskr, Lith. sprūgstu/sprūgti, Alb. fryj, Pers. paredan |
| *preḱ- |
to ask, to pray |
Lat. poscō, Toch. prak/prek, Skr. पृच्छति (pṛccháti), Arm. հարց (harc'), OCS prositi, Russ. просить (prosit'), Lith. piršti, Ltv. pirstlis, Gm. frāga/fragen; forscōn/forschen, Eng. frignan/—, ON fregna, Goth. fraihnan, Pers. fraθ- / پرسیدن (pursīdan), Av. pərəsaiti, Oscan aparsam, MWelsh erchi/archaf, Ir. arco/, Toch. pärk/prek, Umbrian pepurkurent |
| *prih₁-mó- / *prō-to- |
foremost
(-> first) |
Alb. parë, Av. parvō, Lith. pirmas, Ltv. pirmais, Gm. furist/Fürst; fruo/früh, Eng. fyrst/first, Gk. πρότερος (proteros), Hitt. para, Ir. rem/roimh, Kamviri pürük, Lyc. pri, OCS pĭrvŭ, Oscan perum, ON fyrstr, Old Prussian pariy, Osset. фыццаг (fyccag, "first"); фараст (farast, "девять"), Russ. первый (pervyj), Skr. pūrvā; प्रथम (prathamá), Toch. parwät/parwe, Lat. primus, Umbrian pert, Welsh rwyf, OIr. arsaid |
| *psten- |
breast |
Gk. στῆθος (stēthos), Arm. ստին (stin), Skr. स्तन (stána), Av. fštāna, Lith. spenys, Ltv. spenis, ON speni, Gm. spunni/Spanferkel, Ir. sine/sine, Old Pruss. spenis, Pers. /پستان (pestān), Eng. spane/ |
| *puhr- |
wheat |
Skr. पूर (pūra), Gk. πυρός (puros)/, Lith. pūrai, Ltv. pūŗi, Old Prussian pure, Eng. fyrs/furze, OCS pyre, Russ. пырей (pyrej) |
| *pulh₂- |
hair |
Skr. pulakās; (पुलस्ति (pulastí), पुलक (pulaka)), Ir. ul/ulcha, Gk. pýligges; (πυλεών (puleōn)), Kurd. pūr, Pashto pal |
| *péh₂wr̥- (gen. *ph₂un-ós) |
bonfire |
Hitt. 𒉺𒀪𒄯 (paḫḫur), Toch. por/pūwar, Gk. πῦρ (pýr), Umbrian pir, ON fúrr, Eng. fȳr/fire, Czech pyr, Arm. հուր (hur), Gm. fiur/Feuer, Old Prussian panno, Oscan purasiai, Goth. 𐍆𐍉𐌽 (fōn) |
| Root |
Meaning |
Derivatives |
| *bʰabʰ-eh₂- |
bean |
Old Prussian babo, Russ. боб (bob), Polish bób, Alb. bathë, Gm. bona/Bohne, Eng. bēan/bean, Welsh ffâen, ON baun, Lat. faba |
| *bʰar-es- |
spelt |
Phryg. brisa, Eng. bereliċ/barley, Oscan far, Umbrian far, Lat. far; farina, Welsh bara, Goth. barizīns, ON barr, OCS брашьно (brašĭno), Gk Phéron |
| *bʰardʰ-eh₂- |
beard |
Lith. barzda, Ltv. bārda, Eng. beard/beard, Gm. bart/Bart, Welsh barf, Polish broda, Russ. борода (boroda), ON barðr, Crimean Gothic bars, Lat. barba |
| *bʰeh₂go- |
beech |
Gm. buohha/Buche, Lat. fagus, Gk. φηγός (phēgos), Eng. bēċe/beech, ON bók, Gaul. Bāgācon, Russ. бузина (buzina), Polish buk, Gothic 𐌱𐍉𐌺𐌰 (bōka), Alb. bung, Kurd bûz, Arm bown |
| *bʰey- |
bee |
Eng. bēo/bee, Lith. bitė, Ltv. bite, Ir. bech/bech, Russ. пчела (pčela), Gm. bīa/Biene, Polish pszczoła, Old Prussian bitte, Welsh begegyr, Gaul. bekos, ON bý, OCS бъчєла (bŭčela), Lat. fūcus |
| *bʰel- |
light, bright |
Gaul. Belenos, Lith. balnas; baltas, Ltv. balts, Skr. भर्ग (bhárga); भाल (bhāla), Phryg. falos, Alb. ballë, Illyr. balta, Arm. բալ (bal), Gk. φλέγω (phlegō); φαλός (phalos), ON bāl; blár; bleikr, Russ. белый (belyj), Polish biały, Eng. bǣl/balefire; bald, Gm. belihha; blāo/blau, Goth. bala, Ir. béal/; ball/; blár/, Welsh bal; blawr, Thrac. balios, Old Prussian ballo, Lat. fulica; flāvus, Oscan Flagiúi; Flaviies, Toch. pälk/pälk |
| *bʰel- |
to bloom |
Lat. folium; flōs, Gk. φύλλον (phullon), Eng. blōstm/blossom, Ir. bláth, Gm. bluomo/Blume, ON blómi, Toch. pält/pilta, MWelsh blawd, Goth. blōma, Oscan Fluusaí, Alb. bulë; bilonjë |
| *bʰenǵʰ |
thick |
Gm. bungo/Bunge, Ltv. bìezs, Toch. B pkante, Hitt. panku, Gk. παχύς (pakhus)/, Skr. बहु (bahú), Av. bązah, ON bingr |
| *bʰer- |
brown, shining |
Ltv. bērs; bebrs, Lith. bėras; bebras, Old Prussian bebrus, Gaul. Bibrax, Welsh befer, Eng. brūn/brown; bera/bear; beofer/beaver, Gm. brūn/braun; bero/Bär; bibar/Biber, ON brúnn; bjǫrn; bjórr, Skr. भाति (bhā́ti), Av. bawra, Lat. fiber, Russ. бобр (bobr), Toch. parno/perne; paräṁ/perne |
| *bʰer- |
to bear / carry |
Skr. भरति (bhárati), Av. baraiti, Russ. брать (brat’), Ir. berid/beir, Welsh cymmeryd, Arm. բերել (berel), Alb. bie, Gk. φέρω (pherō), Lat. ferō, Umbrian fertu, Eng. beran/bear, Gm. burde/Burde, Toch. pär/pär, Lith. berti, Ltv. bērt, Kamviri bor, Phryg. ber, Goth. 𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌽 (bairan), ON bera, OCS бьрати (bĭrati), Pers. baratuv/bār, Polish brać, Hitt. pē-har(k) |
| *bʰer- |
to boil |
Alb. brumë, Gaul. Voberā, OIr. bréo; bruth; berbaim, Welsh brwd; brewi, Eng. brǣþ/breath; /broth; /brew; beorm/, Gm. brādam/Brodem, ON bráðr, Gk. φύρδην μίγδην (phurdēn-migdēn); phréār; porphyrein, Lat. fervēo; fermentum; dēfrutum, Skr. भुरति (bhuráti); bhurnih |
| *bʰeres- |
lively |
Russ. борзой (borzoj), Lith. bruzdùs, Welsh brys, MIr. bras, Polish bardzo, OCS брьзо (brĭzo), Lat. festīnō; fastenus; confestim |
| *bʰerǵʰ- |
fort |
Russ. берег (bereg), Eng. burg/borough, Arm. բարձր (barjr), Skr. बर्हयति (barháyati), Av. bərəz(ant), Gaul. Bergusia, Gm. berg/Burg, Hitt. parku; en-park, Toch. pärk/pärk, Thrac. Berga, Goth. baírgahī, ON bjarg; borg, Pers. burj, MIr. brí, Illyr. Berginium, Gk. πύργος (purgos), Welsh bre; bera, Lyc. prije; pruwa, Lat. fortis, Alb. breg |
| *bʰerǵʰ- |
to hide, protect |
OCS brĕgą Russ. беречь (bereč'), Eng. byrġan/bury, ON bjarga, Goth. bairgan, Gm. bergan/bergen |
| *bʰewdʰ- |
to wake, rise up |
Skr. बोधति (bódhati); बुद्ध (buddha), Lith. budinti, Ltv. budīt, Old Prussian budē, Av. buiðyeiti, Ir. buide/buidhe, Welsh bodd, ON bjóða; boð, Gk. πυνθάνομαι (punthanomai), Eng. bēodan/bid; bodian/bode, Kamviri bidi, Russ. будить (budit'), Polish budzić, OCS блюсти (bljusti), Gm. biotan/bieten; gibot/Gebot, Goth. 𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌱𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽 (anabiudan), Pers. /bēdār-šudan |
| *bʰuh₂- |
to appear, become, rise up |
Skr. भू (bhū́); भवति (bhávati), Lith. būti, Ltv. būt, Old Prussian būton, Russ. быть (byt'), Ir. buith/beith, Eng. bēon/be, Gm. bim/bin, Kamviri bu, Polish być, Welsh bod, Gk. φύομαι (phuomai), Oscan fiiet, Umbrian fust, Pers. būmī/bum, Av. bavaiti, Alb. buj, Arm. բույս (buys), Illyr. Bumi, Thrac. Kasibounon, Goth. bauan, Gaul. Vindobios, Toch. pyotk/pyautk, ON búa, OCS бъіти (byti), Lat. fuī |
| *bʰleh₁- |
to bleat |
Alb. blegëras, Lith. bliauti, Ltv. blēt, Eng. blǣtan/bleat, Gk. βελάζο (belazō), Russ. блеять (blejat'), Lat. fleō |
| *bʰlēyǵ- |
to shine |
Ltv. bližģēt, Lith. blaikštytis, Eng. blīcan/bleach, Gm. blīhhan/Blech, ON blíkja, Russ. блеск (blesk), OCS блискъ (bliskŭ), Gk phlégein, Lat. fulgēo; flagro, MIr blicht; imblissiu, Skt bhrájati; bharga, Toch. pälk/; polkāṃts/ |
| *bʰosó- |
naked |
Russ. босой (bosoj), Lith. basas, Ltv. bass, Arm. բոկ (bok), Eng. bær/bare, ON berr, Goth. bazis, Gk. ψιλός (psilos), Polish boso, Gm. bar/bar, OCS босъ (bosŭ) |
| *bʰred- |
to wade |
Alb. bredh, Ltv. brist; bridu, Lith. bristi; bredu, Russ. брести (bresti), Polish brnąć, Thrac. Bredai |
| *bʰruh- |
beam, bridge |
Gaul. brīva, Eng. brycg/bridge, Gm. brugga/Brücke, ON brú, Russ. бревно (brevno), Polish birzwno, OCS брьвьно (brĭvĭno) |
| *bʰruh- |
brow |
Skr. भ्रू (bhrū), Lith. bruvis, Ir. brú/brúad/bruach, Eng. brū/brow, Russ. бровь (brov'), Anc. Maced. abroútes, Gk. ὀφρύς (ophrus), Gm. Braue, Toch. pärwāṃ/pärwāne, Lithbruvìs, Old Prussian wubri, Polish brew, OCS брьвьми (brĭvĭmi), ON brún, Avest. brvat, Pers. /ابرو (abru) |
| *bʰréh₂tēr |
brother |
Arm. եղբայր (eġbayr), Eng. brōþor/brother, Kashmiri boy, Umbrian fratrom, Gk. φράτηρ (phrātēr), Toch. pracar/procer, Kamviri bṛo, Russ. брат (brat), Gm. bruoder/Bruder, Welsh brawd, Skr. भ्रातृ (bhrā́tṛ), Ir. bráthir/bráthair, Lith. brolis, Ltv. brālis, Gaul. brātir, Pers. 𐎲𐎼𐎠𐎫𐎠 (brātā) / برادر (barādar), Phryg. βρατερε (bratere), Illyr. bra, Goth. 𐌱𐍂𐍉𐌸𐌰𐍂 (brōþar), ON bróðir, Old Prussian brāti, OCS братръ (bratrŭ), Osset. ærvad/, Av. brātar, Oscan fratrúm, Polish brat, Venetic vhraterei, Lyd. 𐤡𐤭𐤠𐤱𐤭𐤳𐤦𐤳 (brafrsis), Kurd. bra, Lat. frāter |
| *bʰudʰ-no-, *bʰudʰ-mn̥- |
bottom |
Skr. बुध्न (budhná), Av. bŭnō, Arm. անդունդ (andund)/բուն (bun) , Ir. bond/bonn, Gk. πυθμήν (puthmēn), Lat. fundus, Gm. bodam/boden, Eng. botm/bottom, ON botn, Welsh bôn, Pers. /بن (bun). |
| *bʰuHgos- |
goat |
Av. būza. Pers. /بز (boz), Arm. բուծ (buç), Ir. bocc/boc, Welsh bwch, ON bukkr, Eng. buc/buck, Gm. boc/Bock, Gaul. bucca |
| *bʰérh₁ǵo- |
birch |
Russ. берёза (berjoza), Gm. birihha/Birke, Bulgarian бреза (breza), Polish brzoza, Lith. beržas, Ltv. bērzs, Osset. бæрз (bærz), Skr. भूर्ज (bhūrja), ON bjǫrk, Old Prussian berse, Eng. birce/birch, Thrac. berzas, OCS breza, Lat. frāxinus |
| Root |
Meaning |
Derivatives |
| *tag- |
to touch |
Eng. þaccian/, Gk. τεταγών (tetagōn), Gaul. Taximagulus, Ir. taise/tais, Lat. tangō |
| *tark- |
to twist |
Skr. तर्कु (tarkús), Old Prussian tarkue, Russ. торок (torok), Toch. tark/tärk, Gk. ἄτρακτος (átraktos), Lat. torqueō, Gm. drāhsil/drechseln, Alb. tjerr, Ir. torc/, Welsh torri, Eng. þweorh/thwart, Polish troki |
| *teh₂w- |
to melt |
OCS tajetŭ, Russ. таять (tajat'), Osset. тайын (thayun), Eng. þawian/thaw, Gm. thouwen/verdauen, Arm. թանալ (t'anal); թան (t'an), Gk. τήκω (tēkō), Lat. tabēre, ON þeyja, Welsh tawdd; toddi, Ir. tám/, Skr. तोयम् (toyam), Lith. tyras, Ltv. tīrelis, Polish tajać |
| *temó- |
dark |
Skr. तमस् (támas), Lith. tamsa; tamsus, Ltv. timt, Lat. tenebrae; temere, Av. təmah, OCS tĭmĭnŭ, Russ. тёмный (tjomnyj), Ir. temel/teimheal, Gm. demar/Dämmerung; dinstar/, Polish ciemny, Alb. terr, Av. temah, Pers. tār, Toch. /tamāsse, Illyr. Tomaros |
| *ténh₂us |
thin |
Lat. tenuis, Ir. tanae/tanaí, OCS tĭnŭkŭ, Russ. тонкий (tonkij), Skr. तनु (tanu), Gk. τανυ- (tany), Eng. þynne/thin, Gm. thunni/dünn, Pol. cienki, ON þunnr, Av. tanū, Pers. tanuk/tan, Lith. tévas, Ltv. tiêvs |
| *tep- |
warm |
Alb. ftoh/ftof, Hitt. tapašša, Ir. té; ten; timme, Welsh tân; twym, ON þefr, Eng. þefian/, Skr. tápas; तपति (tápati), Av. tafnah; tāpaiti, Pers. tab; tafte(h), Lat. tepēre; tepor, Polish ciepły, Russ. тёплый (tjoplyj), OCS teplostĭ |
| *ter / *tero |
over, through |
Eng. þurh/through, Gm. durh/durch, Goth. þaírh, Lat. trāns, Russ. через (čerez), Umbrian traf, Skr. तिरस् (tirás), Av. tarō, Ir. tar/, Welsh tre/tri |
| *ter- |
to cross over |
Gk. τέρθρον (terthron), Alb. shtir, Hitt. tarḫzi, Skr. तरति (tarati), Gm. dremil/, Kamviri târa, Av. tar, Pers. viyatārayāma/, Osset. tærin, Illyr. Taros, Arm. թարմ (t'arm), Lat. terminus, Umbrian termnome, Oscan teremenniú, ON þrǫmr |
| *ters- |
dry |
Skr. तृष्यति (tṛṣyati), Av. taršu; taršna, Arm. թառամել (taṙamel); թարշամել (taršamel), Gk. τέρσομαι (tersomai)/, Alb. ter, Lat. terra; torrēre, Ir. tart/; tír/, Eng. þurst/thirst, Gm. durri/dürr, Goth. þaursus, ON þurr, Lith. trōkšti, Kashmiri treśiho.t |
| *teter- |
grouse |
Lat. turtur, Russ. тетерев (teterev), Polish cietrzew, Lith. tetervà, Ltv. teteris, Skr. तित्तिर (tittirá), Gk. tétrax; tétaros; τετράων (tetráōn), MIr. tethra, ON þiðurr, Arm. տատրակ (tatrak), Old Prussian tatarwis, Pers. tadharv |
| *teut-eh₂- |
tribe |
Gaul. touta, Oscan touto, Umbrian totam, Old Prussian tauto, Ir. túath, Illyr. Teuta, Hitt. tuzzi, Lyc. tuta, Lith. tauta, Ltv. tauta, Eng. þeoð/, Gm. diutisc/Deutsch, Goth. þiuda, ON þjóð |
| *teḱs- |
to plait |
Lat. textō, Lith. tašýti, Ltv. tešu, Gk. téchnē; τέκτων (téktōn), Russ. тесла (tesla), Skr. तक्षति (tákṣati); tákṣan, Av. tašaiti; taša, Pers. ustašana/taš; tožel, OCS tešǫ; tesla, Hitt. takš, ON þexla, Gm. dehsa/Dachs, Ir. tál/, Alb. teshë; tollë |
| *tong- |
to think |
Alb. tangë/tângë, Eng. þencan/think, Gm. thenken/denken, Lat. tongēo, Oscan tanginúd, ON þekkja, Toch. tuṅk/taṅkw, Goth. þangkjan, Welsh tank, Ir. di-thech/; for-tach/; fortoing/ |
| *treb- |
dwelling |
Lat. trabēs; tribus, Oscan trííbúm, Umbrian tremnu, Lith. trobà, Ltv. traba, Eng. þorp/thorp, Gm. thorf/Dorf, ON þorp, Gk. τέρεμνον (teremnon), Welsh tref, MIr. treb |
| *treud- |
to press |
Lat. trūdō, Alb. tredh; ndrydh, MWelsh cythrud, MIr. trott, Eng. þrēat/threat, Gm. firthriogan/verdrießen, ON þrjóta, Goth. usþriutan, OCS trudŭ; truždǫ, Russ. труд (trud) |
| *trosdo- |
thrush |
Lat. turdus, Lith. strazdas, Ltv. strazds, OCS drozdŭ, Russ. дрозд (drozd), Pol. drozd, ON þrǫstr, Eng. þrysce/thrush, Gm. thrōskala/Drossel, Ir. truit/truid, Welsh drudw(y), Gk. στρουθός (stroûthos) |
| *tréyes, tri- [prefix] |
three |
Arm. երեք (erek'), Alb. tre/tri, Lith. trys, Ltv. trīs, Gaul. treis, Gm. drī/drei, Eng. þrēo/three, Gk. τρεῖς (treis), Hitt. tri-, Av. θri, Illyr. tri-, Ir. treí/trí, Kashmiri tre, Lyc. trei, Kamviri tre, Oscan trís, ON þrír, Old Prussian tri, Osset. æртæ (ærtæ), Pers. çi/se, OCS trĭje, Polish trzy, Russ. три (tri), Skr. त्रि (tri), Toch. tre/trai, Lat. trēs, Umbrian trif, Goth. þreis, Welsh tri, Phryg. thri- |
| *twék-o- |
skin |
Skr. त्वचस् (tvacas), Hitt. tuekkas, Gk. σάκος (sakos), Kurd. twékl(e) |
| *télpo- |
space |
Skr. तल्प (tálpa), Lith. tilpti; telpù; talpà, Ltv. tilpt; telpu, Russ. толпа (tolpa), Toch. tsälp/tälp, Ir. -tella/; do-alla/ |
| *tón-r̥- |
thunder |
Eng. þunor/thunder, ON þórr, Gm. Donar/Donner, Lat. tonāre, Gk sténein; ténnei, Skr. तन्यति (tányati), Pers. tundar, Pashto taṇā, Ir. torand/torann, W taran, Russ. stón, OCS stenati, Lith. stenéti |
| *túH₁s-ont- |
a massive number
(-> thousand) |
Gm. þūsunt/tausend, Eng. þusend/thousand, Goth. þusundi, Lith. tūkstantis, Ltv. tūkstots, OCS tysǫšti, ON þúsund, Polish tysiąc, Russ. тысяча (tysjača), Toch. tumane/tmām |
| Root |
Meaning |
Derivatives |
| *deh₁- |
to bind |
Alb. duaj, Gk. δέω (deō), Skr. द्यति (dyáti), Av. nī.diiātąm |
| *deh₂iwer- |
husband's brother |
Skr. देवृ (devṛ́), Russ. деверь (dever'), Polish dziewierz, Lith. dieveris, Ltv. dieveris, Gm. zeihhur/—, Eng. tācor/—, Gk. δαήρ (daēr), Arm. տայգր (taygr), OCS дѣвєрь (děverĭ), Kurd. diš |
| *deh₃- |
to give |
Russ. дать (dat'), Arm. տալ (tal), Lith. duoti, Ltv. dot; deva, Skr. ददाति (dádāti), Av. dadāiti, Osset. дæттын (dættyn), Alb. dhashë, Gk. δίδωμι (didōmi), Kashmiri dẏyūn, Polish dać, Phryg. dadón, Old Prussian dātwei, Lat. dō, Oscan dede, Umbrian dadad, Ir. dán/, Welsh dawn, Hitt. dā, Lyc. da, Luw. da-, Lyd. da-, Gaul. doenti, OCS дати (dati), Pers. 𐎭𐎭𐎠𐎬𐎺 (dadātuv) / دادَن (dādan) |
| *dem-h₂- |
to domesticate, tame |
Skr. दाम्यति (dāmyati), Gk. δαμνάω (damnaō), Ir. damnaim/, Hitt. damaašzi, Av. dam, Lat. domō, Eng. tam/tame, Gm. zemmen/zähmen, Goth. gatamjan, ON temja, Osset. домын (domyn, "educate, bring up"), Pers. /دام (dām), Welsh addef |
| *deuk- |
to lead |
Alb. nduk, Eng. togian/tow, Gm. ziohan/ziehen, Goth. tiuhan, ON toginn, Gk. ἀδευκής/ (adeukēs/), Lat. dūcō |
| *deḱs- |
right (direction) |
Gaul. Dexsiva, Lat. dexter, Umbrian destrame, Lith. dešinė, Av. dašina, Alb. djathtë, Gm. zeso/, Welsh deheu, Oscan destrst, Gk. δεξιός (deksios), Skr. दक्षिण (dákṣiṇa), Goth. taíhswa, Ir. dech/, Toch. täk/, OCS дєснъ (desnŭ), Russ. десница (desnitsa), Kashmiri dạchūn |
| *dhǵʰyes- |
yesterday |
Eng. geostran/yesterday, Alb. dje, Skr. ह्यस् (hyás), Av. zyō, Pers. diyaka/دیگ (dīg), Gk. χθές (khthes), Lat. herī, Welsh ddoe, Ir. indhé/an(d)é, Goth. gistradagis, ON í gǽr, Gm. gesteron/gestern |
| *dlegʰ- |
to engage oneself |
Ir. dliged/dlígheadh, Welsh dyled, Eng. pleġian/play; pliht/plight, Gm. pflegan/pflegen; pfliht/Pflicht, Lat. indulgēre; plevium, Russ. долг (dolg), Polish dług, OCS дльгъ (dlĭgŭ) |
| *dluh₂gʰó- |
long |
Hitt. dalugaes, Russ. долгий (dolgij), Lith. ilgas, Ltv. ilgs, Skr. दीर्घ (dīrghá), Av. darəga, Welsh dala, Lat. longus, Gaul. Loggostalētes, Pers. 𐎭𐎼𐎥 (darga) / دراز (darāz, dirāz), Eng. lang/long; lencten/lent, Gm. lang/lang; lenzo/Lenz, ON langr, Goth. laggs, Alb. gjatë, Gk. δολιχός (dolikhos), Old Prussian ilgi, Ir. long/, OCS длъгъ (dlŭgŭ), Polish długi, Welsh dal, Kashmiri dūr |
| *dn̥ǵʰwéh₂s |
tongue |
Lat. lingua, Ir. tenge/teanga, Eng. tunge/tongue, Goth. 𐍄𐌿𐌲𐌲𐍉 (tuggō), ON tunga, Skr. जिह्वा (jihvā́), Av. hizvā, Russ. язык (jazyk) Lith. liežuvis, Arm. լեզու (lezu), Gm. zunga/Zunge, Welsh tafod, Kamviri dic, Pers. hizbāna/زَبان (zabān), Old Prussian insuwis, Toch. käntu/kantwo |
| *dṓm, *dómos |
house |
Skr. दम (dáma), Av. dąm, Gk. δόμος (domos), Lat. domus, Russ. дом (dom), Polish dom, Eng. timber/timber, Gm. zimbar/Zimmer, ON timbr, Umbrian dâmoa, Arm. տուն (tun), Lith. namas, Ltv. nams, Welsh tŷ, Toch. tam/täm |
| *dous- |
forearm |
Skr. दोस् (dós), Av. daoš, Ir. doít/doíd, Lith. dilbis, Ltv. paduse, Russ. пазуха (pazuxa), Pers. /دوش (doš) |
| *dra- |
to run |
Skr. द्राति (drā́ti), Russ. удирать (udirat'), Gk. ἀπόδρασις (apodrasis); δρόμος (dromos), Illyr. Dravos, Lith. drebėti, Gm. /Trappel, Goth. anatrimpan, Av. draonah |
| *drem- |
to sleep |
Russ. дремать (dremat'), Skr. द्रायति, Gk. δαρθάνω (darthanō)/, Lat. dormiō, Arm. տարտամ (tartam), Polish drzemać, OCS dremlju |
| *dus- |
to fail |
Skr. दुष्यति (duṣyati), Av. duš, Gk. δέω (deō), Ir. do-/, Arm. ետևը (etevë), Goth. tuz-, ON tjón, Eng. tēona/, Gm. zur-/, OCS дъждь (dŭždĭ), Russ. дождь (dožd'), Polish deszcz, Pers. dušiyaram/, |
| *dwóh₁, *dwó |
two |
Arm. երկու (erku), Alb. dy/dy, Lith. du/dvi, Ltv. divi, Gaul. vo, Gm. zwene/zwei, Eng. twā/two, Gk. δύο (duō), Av. duua, Hitt. dā-, Ir. dá/dó, Kashmiri zū', Lyc. tuwa, Kamviri dü, Lat. duo, Oscan dus, ON tveir, Old Prussian dwāi, Osset. дыууæ (dyuuæ)/duuæ, Pers. duva/دو (do), OCS дъва (dŭva), Polish dwa, Russ. два (dva) (dva), Skr. द्व (dvá), Toch. wu/wi, Umbrian tuf, Goth. twai, Welsh dau |
| *dáḱru- |
tear
(drop from eye) |
Gk. δάκρυ (dakru), Gm. zahar/Zähre, Eng. tēar/tear, Skr. अश्रु (áśru), Old Lat. decrimare, Lat. lacrima, Lith. ašara, Ltv. asara, Welsh deigryn, Ir. dér/déar, Toch. ākär/akrūna, Goth. 𐍄𐌰𐌲𐍂 (tagr), ON tár, Arm. արտոսր (artosr), Av. asrūazan |
| *déi-no- |
day |
Russ. день (den'), Ir. denus/, Lith. diena, Ltv. diena, Skr. दिन (diná), Lat. diēs, Alb. gdhin, Welsh dydd, Polish dzień, Ir. día/dia, Goth. sintīns, Old Prussian deinan, Eng. lencten/lent, Gm. lenzo/Lenz, OCS дьнь (dĭnĭ) |
| *déyw-o- |
god, i.e. 'shining' |
Skr. देव (devá), Av. daēva, Lat. deus, Lith. dievas, Ltv. dievs, Old Prussian deiws, Oscan diúveí, Umbrian di, Gaul. Dēvona, Gk. Ζεύς (Zeus), Phryg. tios, Russ. диво (divo), Polish dziw, Kamviri di, Eng. Tiw/Tuesday, Gm. Ziu/—, ON Týr, Goth. Tyz, Welsh duw, Ir. día/día, Lyc. ziw, Luw. tiwat-, Lyd. Divi-, Palaic tiyaz, Arm. տիվ (tiv), OCS дивъ (divŭ) |
| *déḱm̥t |
ten |
Arm. տասն (tasn), Alb. dhjetë/dhetë, Lith. dešimt, Ltv. desmit, Gaul. decam, Gm. zēhen/zehn, Dacian dece-, Eng. tīen/ten, Gk. δέκα (deka), Av. dasa, Ir. deich/deich, Kashmiri da.h, Kamviri duc, Lat. decem, Oscan deken, ON tíu, Old Prussian desīmtan, Osset. дæс (dæs)/dæs, Pers. daθa/ده (dah), OCS дєсѧть (desętĭ), Polish dziesięć, Russ. десять (desjat'), Skr. दश (dáśa), Toch. śäk/śak, Umbrian desem, Goth. 𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌿𐌽 (taíhun), Welsh deg |
| *dóru |
tree |
Arm. ծառ (caṙ/dzaṙ), Lith. derva, Ltv. dreve, Gaul. Dervus, Russ. дерево (derevo), Eng. trēow/tree, Hitt. taru, Luw. tarweja-, Gk. δρῦς (drus), Alb. dru/drû, Ir. dair/dair, Toch. or, Kamviri dâa, Pers. / دار (dār), Polish drzewo, Welsh derwen, Skr. दारु (dā́ru), Av. dāuru, Goth. 𐍄𐍂𐌹𐌿 (triu), ON tré, Old Prussian drawine, OCS дрѣво (drěvo), XMK darullos |
| Root |
Meaning |
Derivatives |
| *dʰal- |
to blossom |
Alb. dal, Arm. դալար (dalar), Gk. θάλλω (thallō), Welsh dail, Ir. duille/ |
| *dʰeb- |
fat |
Russ. дебелый (debelyj), Old Prussian debīkan, Toch. tpär/täpr, ON dapr, Gm. taphar/tapfer, Ltv. dabļš, OCS дєбєлъ (debelŭ) |
| *dʰegʷh- |
to burn |
Lith. degti, Ltv. degt, Lat. fovēre, Russ. сжигать; жгучий (sžigat'; žgučij), Alb. djek, Ir. daig/, Skr. दहति (dahati), Av. dažaiti, Old Prussian dagis, Pers. /dāġ, Gk. τέφρα (tephra), Toch. tsäk/tsäk, OCS жєщи (žešti), Polish żgę, Eng. dǣg/day |
| *dʰeh₁(i)- |
to suck/suckle |
Alb. djathë, Arm. դիել (diel), Lith. dėlė, Ltv. dēls, Old Prussian dadan, Ir. diul/diuilim, Welsh dynu, Eng. delu/—, Gm. tāen/—; tila/—, Goth. daddjan, ON dilkr, Skr. धयति (dhayati), Av. daēnu, Pers. dadan/, Lat. fēmina; fētus; fēllāre, Umbrian feliuf, Gk. θηλύ (thēlē); θῆλυς (thēlus), OCS доити (doiti), Russ. доить (doit'), Polish doić |
| *dʰeh₁- |
to place, set, put |
Skr. दधाति (dadhāti), Av. daðaiti, Lat. faciō, Oscan faciiad, Umbrian feitu, Hitt. dai, Pers. adadā/, Gk. τίθημι/ (tithēmi/), Lith. dėti, Ltv. dēt, Polish dziać; działać, Russ. деть; делать (det'; delat'), Eng. dōn/do, Gm. tuon/tun, Goth. gadeths, ON dalidun, Phryg. dak-, Gaul. dede, Thrac. didzos, Alb. ndonj, Toch. täs/täs, Welsh dall, Arm. դնել (dnel), Lyc. ta-, OCS дѣлати (dělati) |
| *dʰeiǵʰ- |
to mold |
Gk. τεῖχος (teikhos), Ir. digen/, Russ. дежа (deža), Eng. dāg/dough, Goth. daigs, ON deig, Gm. teig/Teig, Skr. देग्धि (degdhi), Lat. fingō, Av. pairidaēza, Pers. didā/dēz, Arm. դեզ (dez), Thrac. -dizos, Umbrian fikla, Lith. žiest, Ltv. ziest, Old Prussian siduko, Oscan feíhúss, Toch. tsek/tsik |
| *dʰel- |
light |
Alb. diell, Arm. դեղին (deġin), Eng. deall/, ON Dellingr, Ir. dellrad/ |
| *dʰergʰen- |
thorn |
Skr. द्राक्ष (drākṣa), Gm. tirnpauma/dirnbaum, Welsh draen, Ir. draigen/droigheann, Lith. drignės, Ltv. driģenes, Russ. дёрн (djorn), Polish drzazga |
| *dʰers- |
to dare |
Skr. धृष्णोति (dhṛṣṇoti), Russ. дерзнуть; дерзкий (derznut'; derzkij), Lat. infestus, OCS дрьзати (drĭzati), Old Prussian dyrsos, Eng. dearr/dare, Gm. giturran/—; gitar/, Gk. θράσος (thrasos), Lith. drįsti, Ltv. drošs, Pers. adaršnauš, Av. daršam, Goth. gadars |
| *dʰeub- |
deep |
Lith. dubti, Ltv. dubens, Gaul. Dubnorīx, Illyr. dubris, Goth. diups, ON diupr, Eng. dēop/deep, Gk. βυθός (buthos), Gm. tiof/tief, Welsh dwfn, Ir. domain/, OCS дъно (dŭno), Russ. дно; дупло (dno; duplo), Polish dno |
| *dʰrei- |
to defecate |
Russ. дристать (dristat'), ON dríta, Lith. dergti, Gk. δαρδαίνει (dardainei), Lat. foria, Gm. trīzan/, Low Saxon /driten |
| *dʰreugʰ- |
to deceive |
Lith. draugas, Ltv. draugs, ON draugr, Skr. द्रुह्यति (druhyati), Av. družaiti, Eng. drēam/dream, Gm. troum/Traum, Pers. drauga/, Ir. aurddrach/ |
| *dʰugh₂tḗr |
daughter |
Skr. दुहितृ (duhitṛ), Gk. θυγάτηρ (thugatēr), Toch. ckācar/tkacer, Eng. dohtor/daughter, OCS дъщи (dŭšti), Russ. дочь; дочерь (doč'; dočer'), Arm. դուստր (dustr), Gm. tohter/Tochter, Kamviri jü, Gaul. duxtīr, Pers. /doxtar, Lith. duktė, Old Prussian duckti, ON dóttir, Goth. dauhtar, Av. duydar, Luw. duttariyata, Hitt. duttariyatiyaš, Oscan futreí |
| *dʰuH₁-mo- |
smoke |
Skr. धूम (dhūma), Old Prussian dumis, Russ. дым (dym), Lat. fūmus, Gm. toup/toben, Gk. θυμός (thumos), Toch. twe/tweye, Lith. dūmai, Ltv. dūmi, Eng. dōmian/dusk, Goth. dauns, ON daunn, Ir. dé/deathach, Welsh dywy, Oscan Mefit, Polish dym, Pers. /dud, OCS дъімъ (dymŭ) |
| *dʰwer- |
door |
Arm. դուռն (duṙn), Russ. дверь (dver'), Skr. द्वार् (dvār), Av. dvarəm, Alb. derë, ON dyrr, Eng. duru/door, Gaul. doro, Gk. θύρα (thura), Lith. durys, Ltv. durvis, Old Prussian dwaris, Lat. fores, Umbrian furo, Gm. tor/Tür, Ir. dorus/doras, Toch. —/twere, Kamviri du, Umbrian furo, Welsh dôr, Goth. daur, Polish drzwi, Pers. duvaraya/dar, Thrac. dur, OCS двьри (dvĭri) |
| *dʰéǵʰōm |
earth |
Phryg. zemelo; zamelon, Thrac. semele; semela, Pers. zam, Skr. क्ष (kṣa), Gk. χθών (khthōn), Lat. humus, Goth. guma, ON gumi, Eng. guma/bridegroom, Gm. gomo/Bräutigam, Alb. dhè, OCS зємля (zemlja), Russ. земля (zemlja), Ir. du/duine, Hitt. tekan, Luw. dakam-, Toch. tkam/keṃ, Kashmiri za.min, Lith. žemė, Ltv. zeme, Old Prussian same, Welsh dyn, Oscan huntruis, Umbrian hondomu, Pers. zamin, Osset. зæхх (zæxx), Polish ziemia |
| *dʰǵʰu- |
fish |
Lith. žuvis, Ltv. zivs, Arm. ձուկն (jukn), Gk. ἰχθύς (ikhthus), Old Prussian suckis |
| Root |
Meaning |
Derivatives |
| *ḱak- |
branch |
Arm. ճյուղ (č̣yuġ), Lith. šaka, Ltv. saka, Skr. शाखा (śā́khā), Russ. соха (soxa), Alb. thekë, Goth. hōha, Kamviri coa, Old Prussian sagnis, Ir. gēc/gēag, Welsh cainc, Gm. huohili, Pers. šāxe(h) |
| *ḱalh₂mo- |
reed |
Gk. κάλαμος (kalamos), Lat. culmus, Toch. kulmãṃts/, Eng. healm/haulm, Ltv. salms, Old Prussian salme, Russ. солома (soloma), ON halmr, Gm. halm/Halm, Ir. /giolcach (-cach being diminutive suffix) |
| *ḱas- |
gray |
Lat. cānus; cascus, Skr. षष (śaśa), Gm. hasan/; haso/Hase, Old Prussian sasins, Eng. hasu/; hara/hare, ON hǫss; heri, Welsh cannu; ceinach, Pashto soe |
| *ḱat- |
battle |
OCS котора (kotora), Gaul. catu, Eng. heaþu, Gm. hathu/Hader, Skr. शातयति (śātayati), ON hoð, Ir. cath/cath, Welsh cad, Toch. /keta, Hitt. kattu, Gk kótos |
| *ḱeh₂d- |
hate |
Eng. hete/hate, Gm. haz/haß, Goth. hatis, ON hatr, Skr. रिशादस् (riśādas), Av. sādra, Gk. κῆδος (kēdos), Oscan cadeis amnud, Ir. caiss/cais, Welsh câs; cawdd, Toch. kat/ |
| *ḱei- |
to lie, settle |
Arm. սէր (sēr), Lith. šeima, OCS sĕmĭja, Eng. hām/home, Gm. heim/Heim, ON heimr, Ir. cóim/caoimh, Gk. kṓmē, Skr. क्षेति (kṣeti), Av. šaēiti |
| *ḱel- |
warm, cold |
Ltv. silts, Lith. šilti, Ir. clithe/, Welsh clyd, ON hlǽr, Eng. hlēow/lukewarm; hlēo/lee, Gm. lāo/lau, Skr. शिशिर (śiśira); śarad, Av. sarəta, Osset. sald, Pers. /سرد (sard), Lat. calēre, Kurd. sarr |
| *ḱer- |
horn |
Lat. cerĕbrum; cervus; cornū, Russ. серна (serna); череп (čerep), Old Prussian kerpetis; sirwis, Gk. κέρας (keras), Av. srū; srvā; sarah, Skr. शिरस् (śíras); śŕńgam, Arm. սար (sar), Bret. kern, Gm. hirni/Hirn; horn/Horn, ON hjarni;horn Pers. /س (sar); /شاخ (šāx), Toch. /krāñi, Osset. sær; sykha, Alb. krye; sorkadh, Eng. horn/horn, Breton kern; karn, Kamviri ṣiṅ, Goth. 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌽 (haurn), Hitt. karawar, Lith. širšė, Ltv. sirsis, Gaul. karnuks, Ir. cern/cearn, Polish krowa, Kurd. ser |
| *ḱerberó- |
piebald |
Gk. Κέρβερος (Kerberos)?, Skr. शर्वर (śarvara), Russ. соболь (sobol'), Ir. corbaim/, Lith. kirba |
| *ḱḗr |
heart |
Lat. cor, Skr. हृदय (hṛ́daya), Av. zərədā, Hitt. 𒆠𒅕 (kir), Lyc. kride, Palaic kart-, Gk. καρδία (kardia), Eng. heorte/heart, OCS срьдьцє (srĭdĭce), Russ. сердце (serdtse), Lith. širdis, Ltv. sirds, Old Prussian seyr, Arm. սիրտ (sirt), Welsh craidd, Kamviri zâra, Ir. cride/croí, Polish serce, Gm. herza/Herz, Goth. 𐌷𐌰𐌹𐍂𐍄𐍉 (hairto), ON hjarta, Osset. zærdæ |
| *ḱerh₂- |
to mix |
Eng. hrēr/rare, Gm. hruoren/rühren, ON hrǿra, Skr. श्रायति (śrāyati), Av. sar, Gk. κρατήρ (kratēr) |
| *ḱermus- |
cherry |
Gk. κερασός (kerasos) Lith. šermukšlė, Ltv. cērmaukša, Russ. черёмуха (čerjomuxa) |
| *ḱers- |
to run |
Lat. currō, Gaul. carros, Gk. ἐπίκουρος (epikouros), Welsh carrog, Ir. carr/, Toch. kursär/kwasär, Gm. horsk/; hros/Ross, ON horskr, Eng. horsc/; hors/horse; /rush, Lith karsiu |
| *ḱewh₁ro- |
northwind |
Russ. север (sever), Lith. šiaurys, Arm. ցուրտ (c'urt), Eng. scūr/shower, Gm. scūr/Schauer, Goth. skura, ON skúr, OCS сѣвєръ (sěverŭ) |
| *ḱiker- |
pea |
Lat. cicer, Arm. սիսեռն (siseṙn), Gk. κριός (krios), Lith. kekė, Alb. thjerrë; thirqe |
| *ḱlei- |
to lean |
Lat. clīnō, Ir. clóin/, Gk. κλίνη (klinē), Eng. hleonian/lean, Arm. լեռ (leṙ), Lith. šlieti, Ltv. sliet, Russ. слой (sloj), Skr. श्रायति (śrayati), Av. srinu, Gm. hlīnen/lehnen, Welsh clwyd, Old Prussian slayan, Toch. kälyme/kälymiye, Goth. hlain, ON hlein, Alb. qye |
| *ḱlep- |
to steal |
Lat. clepō, Gk. κλέπτω (kleptō), Arm. գող (goġ), Goth. hlifan, Ir. cluain/, Old Prussian auklipts, Lith. slėpti, Ltv. slēpt |
| *ḱleu- |
clean |
Lat. cloāca, Gk. κλύδων (kludōn), Gaul. Cluad, Eng. hlūttor/, Lith. šluoti, Ltv. slaumi, Russ. слеза (sleza), Welsh clir, Gm. hlūttar/lauter, Goth. hlūtrs, ON hlér, OCS сльза (slĭza) |
| *ḱlew- |
to hear |
Lat. cluēre, Gaul. clu, Gk. κλέος (kleos), Illyr. cleves, Lith. klausyti; šlovė, Ltv. klausīt, OCS слово (slovo), Russ. слово (slovo), Skr. श्रु (śru), Av. surunaoiti, Gm. hlut/laut, Eng. hlud/loud, Toch. klyos, ON hljóðr, Goth. hliuþ, Toch. klāw/klāw, Arm. լու (lu), Alb. quhem, Polish słowo |
| *ḱlouni- |
buttock |
Lat. clūnis, ON hlaun, Kamviri slaunis, Skr. श्रोणि (śroṇi), Av. sraoni, Welsh clun, Lith. šlaunis |
| *ḱm̥tóm |
hundred |
Lat. centum, Lith. šimtas, Ltv. simts, Gm. hunt/hundert, Eng. hundred/hundred, Goth. hund, ON hundrað, Gk. ἑκατόν (hekaton), Av. sata, Gaul. cantam, Ir. cét/cead, Kashmiri śath, Osset. sædæ, Pers. /صد (sad), OCS съто (sŭto), Polish sto, Russ. сто (sto), Skr. शत (śatá), Av. 𐬯𐬀𐬙𐬀 (sata), Toch. känt/kante, Welsh cant |
| *ḱon- |
shell |
Lat. conguius, Gk. κόγχος (konkhos), Skr. शङ्ख (śaṅkha) |
| *ḱubʰ- |
shoulder |
Lat. cubitus, Alb. sup, Gm. huf/Hüfte, Eng. hype/hip, Gk. κύβος (kubos), Av. supti, Skr. शुप्ति (śupti), Goth. hups, Welsh gogof, Pers. /šāne |
| *ḱwen- |
holy |
Lith. šventas, Ltv. svinēt, Russ. святой (svjatoj), Av. spanyah, Goth. hunsl, Polish święty, Old Prussian swints, ON hunsl, Eng. hūsel/housel, OCS свѧтъ (svętŭ) |
| *ḱwṓ |
dog |
Lat. canis, Gk. κύων (kuōn)/, Arm. շուն (šun), Phryg. kunes, Toch. ku/ku, Gaul. cuna, Eng. hund/hound, Skr. श्वन् (śván), Av. spā, Russ. сука (suka), Polish suka; kundel(?), Gm. hunt/Hund, Kashmiri hūn, Lith. šuo, Ltv. suns, Old Prussian sunis, Thrac. dinu-, Goth. huns, ON hundr, Welsh ci, Ir. cū/cú, Hitt. śuwanis, Lyd. kan-, Dacian kinu-, Alb. samë; shakë, Pers. /سگ (sag) |
| *ḱóino- |
grass |
Gk. κοινά (koina), Arm. խոտ (xot), Lith. šienas, Ltv. siens, Russ. сено (seno), Polish siano |
| *ḱórw-eh₂- |
crow |
Eng. hræfn/raven, Lith. krauklys; šárka, Gk. κόραξ (kórax), Russ. сорока (soróka), Skr. शारि (śāri), Lat. corbus; corvus; cornīx, Umbrian curnāco, Polish sroka, MIr. crú |
| Root |
Meaning |
Derivatives |
| *ǵʰáns |
goose |
Gk. χήν (khēn), Skr. हंस (haṃsá), Lat. ānser, Ir. géiss/gé, Eng. gōs/goose, Russ. гусь (gus'), Lith. žąsis, Ltv. zoss, Gm. gans/Gans, Old Prussian sansy, Goth. gansus, ON gás, Av. zā, Polish gęś, Pers. /ġāz, Alb. gatë |
| *ǵʰasdʰo- |
stick |
Russ. жердь (žerd'), Ir. gat, Goth. gazds, ON gaddr, Eng. gād/goad, Gm. gart/Gart, Skt. hinvoti |
| *ǵʰasto- |
hand |
Eng. gerd/yard, Lat. hestos; hasta; praestō, Umbrian hostatu, Ir. gass/gas, Lith. pa-žastẽ, Skt. hástas, Avest. zasta, Pers. dasta/ |
| *ǵʰel- |
to shine |
Lat. helvus; fel, Lith. gelta; žalias; želta, Ltv. dzeltens; zaļš; zelts, Russ. жёлтый; зелёный; золото (žëltyj; zelënyj; zoloto), Gm. gelo/gelb; gold/Gold, Phryg. zelkia, Eng. geolu/yellow; gold/gold, Alb. dhelpër/dhelpën, Welsh gelw, Ir. gel/gealach, Polish żółty; zielony; złoto, Gk. χλωρός (khlōros), ON gulr; gull, Pers. /zard; daraniya/, Av. zaray; zaranya, Goth. gulþ, Skr. हरि (hári); हिरण्य (hiraṇya), Old Prussian gelatynan; saligan; sealtmeno, OCS злато (zlato); зєлєнъ (zelenŭ) |
| *ǵʰelun-eh₂- |
pine |
Gk. χεῖλος (kheilos), Arm. ձեղուն (jełun), ON giolnar, Lith. pušis, Ir. /giúis |
| *ǵʰer- |
bowels |
Lat. hernia, Skr. हिर (híra), Gk. χορδή (khordē), ON gǫrn, Gm. garn/Garn, Eng. gearn/yarn, Arm. ձառ (jaṙ), Lith. žarna, Ltv. zarna, Hitt. karat, Alb. zorrë |
| *ǵʰer- |
to enclose |
Lith. gardas; žardas, Ltv. zārds, Phryg. gordum, Lat. hortus, Skr. हरति (harati), Welsh garth, Eng. geard/yard, Gm. garto/Garten, ON garðr, Gk. χόρτος (khórtos), Ir. gort, Oscan herííad, Gaul. gorto, Hitt. gurtas, Goth. garda, Alb. gardh, Russ. город (gorod), Toch. /kerccī, Avest. gərədha |
| *ǵʰers- |
rigid |
Alb. derr, Skr. हर्षते (harṣate), Av. zaršayamna, Arm. ձար (jar), Gk. χέρσος (khersos), Lat. horrēo, Ir. garb/garbh, Welsh garw, Eng. gorst/ |
| *ǵʰew- |
pour |
Lat. fūtis; fundo, Gk. χύνω (khunō); khylós, Skr. जुहोति (juhóti), Goth. giutan, Gm. giozan/giessen, Eng. guttas/gut, ON gjóta, Arm. ձև (jev), ձուլել (julel), Av. zaotar, Pers. zōr, Toch. kutär/ku, Welsh gewai, Alb. dyllë, Phryg. Zeuman; *ǵʰuto- (“‘poured, libated’”) |
| *ǵʰwel- |
to bend |
Ltv. nuožvelnus, Ltv. zvelt, Russ. злой (zloj), Polish zły, Skr. ह्वरति (hvarati), Av. zbarəmnəm, Pers. /zūr |
| *ǵʰwen- |
to sound |
OCS звонъ (zvonŭ), Russ. звон (zvon), Arm. ձայն (jayn), Alb. zë/zâ, Toch. kaṁ/kene, Polish dzwon, Lith. žvengti, Ltv. zviegt |
| *ǵʰwer- |
beast |
Lat. ferus, OCS звѣрь (zvěrĭ), Russ. зверь (zver'), Lith. žvėris. Ltv. zvērs, Gk. θήρ (thēr), Polish zwierzę, Old Prussian swīrins, Toch. śaru/śerwe |
| *ǵʰéi-mn̥- |
winter |
Skr. हिम (himá), हेमन्त (hemantá), Lat. hiems, Gk. χεῖμα (kheima), Gaul. Giamillus, OCS зима (zima), Russ. зима (zima), Polish zima, Lith. žiema, Ltv. ziema, Old Prussian semo, Av. zimo, Arm. ձմեռ (jmeṙ), Alb. dimër/dimën, Kamviri zẽ, Pers. /زمستان (zemestān), Toch. śärme/śimpriye, Welsh gaeaf, Ir. gamh/geimhreadh, Hitt. 𒄀𒈠𒀭 (giman), ON gói, Pers. dai, Eng. gamol/ |
| *ǵʰés-ro- |
hand |
Lat. hīr, Hitt. keššar, Lyc. izre, Luw. iššari-, Gk. χείρ (kheir), Arm. ձեռք (jeṙk'), Kamviri düšt, Alb. dorë, Toch. tsar/ṣar, Thrac heris |
| Root |
Meaning |
Derivatives |
| *kaiko- |
one-eyed |
Lat. caecus, Skr. केकर (kekara), Lith. keikti Gk. καικίας (kaikias)?, Ir. caech/, Welsh coeg, Goth. haihs |
| *kailo- |
whole |
Welsh coel, Gm. heil/heil, Eng. hālig/holy, ON heilagr, Goth. hailags, OCS cĕlŭ, Russ. целый (tselyj), Old Prussian kailūstiskan, Polish cały |
| *kakka |
excrement |
Lat. cacāre, Russ. какать (kakat'), Gk. κακκάω (kakkaō), Arm. քաք (k'ak'), քակոր (k'akor), Ir. cacc/cac, Gm. /Kacke, Welsh cach, Lith. kaka, Pers. /keke(h) |
| *kal- |
handsome |
Skr. कल्य (kalya), Gk. κάλλος (kallos) |
| *kan- |
to sing |
Gk. καναχέω (kanakheō)/, Ir. canim/, Russ. канюк (kanjuk), Goth. hana, Eng. hen/hen, Gm. hano/Hahn, ON hani; hœna, Welsh canu, Pers. /āvāz xāndan, Lat. canō, Umbrian kanetu, Kurd. xwéndin |
| *kant- |
corner |
Gk. κανθός (kanthos), Lat. cantus, Gaul. kantem, Russ. кут (kut), Polish kant; kąt, Lith. kampas |
| *kapro- |
goat |
Skr. कपृथ (kapṛtha), Gk. κάπρος (kapros), Lat. caper, Umbrian kabru, Gaul. cabros, Ir. gabor/, Welsh gafr, ON hafr, Eng. hæfer/, Gm. habaro/Haber |
| *kaput- |
head |
Skr. कपुच्छल (kapucchala), Lat. caput, Eng. heafod/head, Gm. houbit/Haupt, ON haufuð, Goth. haubiþ |
| *kat- |
cub |
Lat. catulus, Umbrian katel, Russ. котиться (kotit'sja), ON haðna, Ir. cadla/ |
| *ke(n)g- |
hook |
Lith. kengė Pers. /čang, Ir. ailcheng/, Russ. коготь (kogot'), Eng. hoc/hook, ON haki; hǫnk, Gm. hâco/Haken |
| *ked- |
to fume |
Gk. κέδρος (kedros), Skr. कद्रु (kadru), Lith. kadagys, Ltv. kadags, OCS kadilo, Russ. чад (čad), Old Prussian kadegis |
| *keH₂ro- |
wax |
Gk. κηρός (kēros), Lith. korỹs, Ltv. kāre(s), Alb. huall/huell |
| *kel- |
glue |
Gk. κόλλα (kolla), Lith. klijai, Russ. клей (klej), Polish klej |
| *ker- |
cornel |
Gk. κράνεια (kraneia)/, Alb. thanë, Lat. cornus |
| *kenk- |
kneecap |
Skr. कङ्काल (kañkāla), Lith. kenkle, Ltv. cinksla, Eng. hēla/heel, ON hǽll |
| *kerp- |
to pluck |
Gk. καρπός (karpós), Lat. carpere, Eng. hærfest/harvest; harrow, Ir. cirrim/ciorraigh; corrán, Welsh par, Goth. ƕaírban, ON hverfa, Toch. kārp/kärp, Gm. hwerban/werben, Lith. kirpti, OCS črĕpŭ, Skt. kṛpāṇas, Hitt karpinaš |
| *klen- |
maple |
Russ. клён (kljon), Polish klon, ON hlynr, Lith. klevas, Ltv. kļava, XMK klinotrokhon, Eng. hlin/linn, Welsh celyn |
| *knid- |
louse |
Russ. гнида (gnida), Polish gnida, Ltv. gnīda, Welsh nedd, Gm. hniz/Nisse, Gk. κονίς (konis), Alb. thërijë/thëni, Arm. անիծ (aniç), Ir. /sned, Eng. hnitu/nit |
| *kob- |
to succeed |
Gaul. Vercobius, Ir. cob/, Eng. gehæp/happen, ON happ, OCS kobĭ, Russ. кобь (kob'), Toch. akappi/ |
| *koiló- |
naked |
Ir. cóil/caol, Welsh cul, Ltv. kaîls |
| *kom |
with |
Lat. cum, Ir. com-/, Eng. ge-/—, gemōt/gemot, Gm. ga-/ge-, Goth. ga-, ON g-, Gk. κοινός (koinos), Russ. к (k), Polish k, OCS kŭ, Alb kë/ka- |
| *krem- |
onion |
Gk. krómion, Ir. craim/creamh, Eng. hramsan/ramson, Lith. kermušė, Ltv. cermaukša; cērmūkslis, Russ. черемша (čeremša), Welsh craf |
| *kreuH₂- |
blood |
Skr. क्रविस् (kravis), Lat. cruor, Lith. kraujas, Ltv. krevele, OCS kruvi, Russ. кровь (krov'), Ir. cró/creo, Gk. κρέας (kreas), ON hrár, Av. xrūva, Welsh crau, Polish krew, Gm. hrāo/roh, Old Prussian crauyo, Eng. hrēaw/raw |
| *kroksko- |
leg |
Alb. krah, Lith. kirkaliai, OCS kraka, Russ. окорок (okorok), Skr. किष्कु (kiṣku) |
| *ksweid- |
milk |
Lith. sviestas, Ltv. sviests, Skr. क्ष्विद्यति (kṣvidyati), Av. xšvīd |
| *kuep- |
to boil |
Skr. कुप्यति (kupyati), Lat. cupere, Lith. kvepėti, Ltv. kvēpēt, Russ. кипеть (kipet'), Alb. kapit, Gk. καπνός (kapnos), ON hvap, Toch. kāp/kāp, Old Prussian kupsins, OCS kypĕti, Goth. afƕapjan, Hitt. kup |
| *kwas- |
to cough |
Skr. कसाते (kasāte), Ir. /casachdach, Russ. кашлять (kašljat'), Lith. kosėti, Ltv. kāsēt, Gm. huosto/Husten, ON hósta, Kamviri kâsa, Polish kaszleć, Alb. kollë, Welsh pas, Toch. /kosi, Eng. hwōsta/ |
| *kwat- |
sour |
Skr. क्वथ (kvatha), Lat. cāseus, OCS kvasŭ, Russ. квас (kvas), Ltv. kūsāt, Alb. cos, Polish kwas, Goth. ƕaþō, Eng. hwaþerian/ |
| *kóro- |
war |
Lith. karas, Ltv. kaŗš, Gk. κοίρανος (koiranos), Ir. cuire/, Gm. heri/Heer, Eng. herebeorg/harbour, Russ. кара (kara), Polish kara, ON herr, Goth. harjis, Gaul. Tricorii, Pers. kāra/kārzār, Old Prussian kargis, Kurd. šer |
| *kóslo- |
hazel |
Lat. corulus, Lith. kasulas, Eng. hæsel/hazel, ON hasl, Gm. hasal/Hasel, Ir. coll/coill, Welsh collen |
| Root |
Meaning |
Derivatives |
| *gʷeH₂dʰ- |
to sink |
Gk. βάθος (bathos), Skr. गाहते (gāhate), Av. vigāθō, Ir. bádud/báthaim, Welsh boddi |
| *gʷeiH₃- |
sinew |
Lat. fīlum, OCS žitsa, Russ. жила (žila), Arm. ջիլ (ǰil); ջիղ (ǰił), Lith. gija, Ltv. dzija, Welsh giau, Polish żyła |
| *gʷeiH₃w- |
to live |
Skr. जीवति (jīvati), Lat. vivere, Lith. gyventi, Ltv. dzīvs, Old Prussian gi(j)wan, OCS žiti, Russ. жить (žit'), Polish żyć, Eng. cwicu/quick, ON kvikr, Gm. quec/keck, Goth. qius, Gk. βίος (bios), Ir. bethu/beatha, Welsh byd, Gaul. Biturīges, Pers. gaiθā/zēstan, Av. gaēθā; jiġaēsa, Toch. śo/śai, Arm. կեամ (keam), Oscan bivus |
| *gʷelbʰ- |
womb |
Eng. wamb/womb, Gm. wamba/Wamme, Goth. wamba, ON vomb, Skr. गर्भ (garbha), Gk. δελφύς (delphus), Lith. gimda, |
| *gʷem-, *gʷeh₂- |
to go, come |
Lat. veniō, Skr. गच्छति (gácchati), Av. jamaiti, Toch. kum/käm, Eng. cuman/come, Arm. եկ (ek), Gm. coman/kommen, Kamviri âca, ON koma, Pers. jamijāh/, Goth. qiman, Oscan kúmbennieís, Lith. gimti, Ltv. dzimt, Old Prussian gimsenin, Alb. pregjim, Gk. βῆμα (bēma) |
| *gʷer- |
mount |
Russ. гора (gora), Lith. guras, Skr. गिरि (giri), Av. gairi, Gk. δειράς (deiras), Alb. gur, Arm. լեռ (leṙ), Polish góra, OCS gora |
| *gʷer- |
to devour |
Alb. ngrënë/ngranë, Arm. կեր (ker), Lith. gerti, Ltv. dzert, Ir. bráge/bráighid, Welsh breuant, Skr. गिरति (girati), Av. jaraiti, Gk. βορά (bora); βρῶμα (brōma), Lat. vorāre, Gm. quedar/Köder, ON krás, Russ. жрать (žrat'), Polish żreć |
| *gʷer- |
to praise |
Lat. grātēs, Russ. жрец (žrets), Alb. grish, Lith. girti, Ltv. dzirt, Skr. गृनाति (gṛnāti), Ir. bard/bárd, Old Prussian girtwei, Toch. krant-/krent-, Welsh bardd, Oscan brateis, Av. aibigərənte |
| *gʷerH₃- |
heavy |
Lat. gravis, Eng. cweorn/quern, Skr. गुरु (guru), Av. gouruzaθra, Lith. gurstu, Ltv. gurstu, Toch. krāmärts/krāmär, Gk. βάρος (baros), ON kvern, Goth. kaúrjōs, Pers. /girān, Welsh bryw, Ir. bair/, Old Prussian girnoywis, Gm. quirn/Querne, OCS žŭrnŭvi, Polish żarna, Russ. жёрнов (žjornov) |
| *gʷetu- |
resin |
Gm. kuti/Kitt, Eng. cudu/cud, ON kváða, Skr. जतु (jatu), Lat. bitūmen, Welsh bedwen, Scottish Gaelic beithe |
| *gʷou- |
cow/bull |
Skr. गो (go), Av. gáus, Ltv. govs, Russ. говядина (govjadina), Toch. ko/keŭ, Arm. կով (kov), Eng. cū/cow, Umbrian bum, Gk. βοῦς (bous), Ir. bó/bó, Welsh buw, Gm. kuo/Kuh, Kamviri go, Kashmiri gāv, Pers. —/gāv, Oscan buv-, ON kú, Osset. gal/ Thrac. bonassos |
| *gʷrebʰ- |
womb |
Gk. βρέφος (brephos), Ir. brommach/, OCS жрѣбѧ (žrěbę), Russ. жеребёнок (žerebjonok), Polish źrebię |
| *gʷruHǵʰ- |
to bite |
Lith. graužti, Ltv. grauzt, Russ. грызть (gryzt'), Welsh brwyn, Polish gryźć, Alb. me gicë, Gk. βρύχω (brukhō), Ir. brón/brón, Arm. կրծել (krçel), OCS gryzǫ |
| *gʷḗn |
woman |
OCS жєна (žena), Russ. жена (žena), Polish żona, Av. gənā, Gk. γυνή (gunē), Eng. cwēn/queen, Skr. ग्ना (gnā); जनि (jani), Old Prussian genno, Arm. կին (kin), Alb. zonjë, Ir. ben/bean, Welsh benyw, Kashmiri zanānū', Goth. qino, ON kona, Gm. quena/—, Pers. /zan, Phryg. bonekos, Toch. śäṁ/śana, Luw. wanatti |
| Root |
Meaning |
Derivatives |
| *(s)mei- |
to laugh |
OCS smĕjǫ, Russ. смеяться (smejat'sja), Skr. स्मयते (smayate), Lith. smagintis, Ltv. smaids, Toch. smi/smi, Lat. mīrus, Gk. μεῖδος (meidos), Ir. míad/, Polish śmiech, Eng. smearcian/smirk |
| *(s)mer- |
to remember |
Eng. murnan/mourn, Skr. स्मरति (smarati), Av. smaraiti, Lat. memor, Ir. airmmert/, Welsh armerth, Gaul. Smerius, Goth. maúrnan, ON Mímir, Gm. mornēn/, Gk. μέρμερος (mermeros), Arm. մորմոք (mormok'), Lith. pamiršti, Kurd. bír |
| *(s)neh₁- |
to spin |
Ltv. snāte, Skr. स्नायति (snāyati), Ir. snáthat/snáthad, Eng. nǣdl/needle, Gm. nādala/Nadel, Goth. nēþla, ON nál, Russ. нить (nit'), Lat. neō, Gk. νήθω (nēθō), Welsh nodwydd |
| *(s)táwros- |
bison, bull |
Av. staora, Goth. stiur, Lith. tauras, Ltv. tauriņš, Gk. ταῦρος (tauros), Gaul. Tarbos, OCS turu, Russ. тур (tur), Polish tur, Eng. steor/steer, Gm. stior/Stier, Old Prussian tauris, Welsh tarw, ON stjórr, Lat. taurus, Oscan turuf, Alb. taroç, Ir. tarb/ |
| *(s)teg- *(s)tegō [1ps]) |
to cover |
Gk. στέγω (stegō), Lat. tegō, Skr. स्थगति (sthagati), Lith. stogas, Ltv. stags, Ir. tech/teach, Gm. thecken/decken, Eng. þæc/thatch, ON þekja, Russ. стог (stog), Polish stóg, Old Prussian stogis, Umbrian tehteřim, Welsh ty |
| *(s)teh₂-i- |
to hide |
Skr. स्तायत् (stāyat), Av. tāyu, Russ. таить (tait'), Ir. táid/, Hitt. tayezzi, Gk. τηΰσιος (tēüsios)/, Toch. /enestai |
| *(s)ter- |
sterile |
Gk. στεῖρα (steira), Lat. sterilis, Arm. ստերջ (sterǰ), Alb. shtjerre, Gm. stero/, Skr. स्तरी (starī), Goth. stairō, Eng. stierc/, Bulg. sterica |
| *(sm̥-)ǵʰéslo- |
thousand |
Skr. सहस्रम् (sahasram), Av. hazarəm, Pers. /hāzar, Gk. χίλιοι (khilioi), Lat. mīlle, Toch. wälts/yaltse |
| *saws- |
to dry |
Alb. tha, Lith. sausa, Ltv. sauss, Old Prussian sausā, Eng. sēar/sear, Gm. sōrēn/—, Skr. शुष्यति (śuṣyati), Av. haoš, Pers. uška/xošk, Russ. сухой (suxoj), Gk. List of Proto-Indo-European roots (hauos) /, Lat. sūdus |
| *sed- |
to sit |
OCS сѣдѣти (sěděti), Russ. сидеть (sidet'), Polish siedzieć, Lat. sedeō, Lith. sėdėti, Ltv. sēdēt, Gaul. essedum, Eng. sittan/sit, Gm. sizzan/sitzen; sezzal/, ON sitja, Goth. sitan, Gk. ἕζομαι (hezomai)/, Ir. saidim/suidh, Welsh seddu, Skr. सीदामि (sīdati), Av. nišaðayeiti, Pers. niyašayadan/nešastan, Arm. նիստ (nist), Old Prussian sīdons, Umbrian sersitu, Toch. sätk/ |
| *segʰ- |
to hold |
Skr. सहते (sahate), Gk. ἔχω (ekhō), Gm. sigu/Sieg, ON. sigr, Eng. sige/— |
| *seh₁- |
to sow |
Russ. сеять; семя (seyat'; semja), Lith. sėti, Ltv. sēt, Eng. sāwan/sow, Old Prussian semen, OCS сѣти (sěti), Gm. sāen/säen, ON sá, Goth. saian, Lat. serere, Umbrian semenies, Polish siać, Welsh hil, Ir. sí/síol, Toch. sāry/, Hitt. sai, Skr. सायक (sāyaka), Umbrian semenies |
| *seh₁i- |
to sift |
Alb. shosh, Lith. sietas, Ltv. siets, Ir. sithlad/síolthughadh, Welsh hidl, ON sáld, Gk. ἠθέω (ētheō), Russ. сито (sito), Polish sito, OCS sito |
| *seh₂g- |
to seek out |
Hitt. šak(k), Eng. sǣcan/beseech, Gm. suohhen/suchen, Goth. sōkjan, ON sǿkja, Gk. ἡγέομαι (hēgeomai), Ir. saigim/, Welsh haeddu, Lat. sagīre |
| *sekʷ- |
to follow |
Lat. sequor, Lith. sekti, Ltv. sekt, Gk. ἕπομαι (hepomai), Ir. sech/seach, Welsh hep, ON seggr, Skr. सचते (sacate), Av. hačaitē, Eng. secg/—, Pers. hačā/, Toch. säk/, Gm. beinsegga/ |
| *selp- |
butter |
Toch. ṣälyp/ṣalype, Gk. ἔλπος (elpos), Hitt. salpa-, Alb. gjalpë, Skr. सर्पिस् (sarpis), Eng. sealf/salve, Osset. carv/, Pers. /čarbi, Gm. salba/Salbe, Goth. salbon |
| *sem- |
summer |
Skr. समा (samā), Eng. sumor/summer, Av. ham, Arm. ամառն (amaṙn), Gm. sumar/Sommer, ON sumar, Welsh haf, Ir. samrad/samhradh, Toch. ṣme/ṣmāye |
| *sḗm, *sm̥- [prefix] |
one, together |
Lat. semel, Arm. մի (mi), Alb. gjithë, Lith. sa, Eng. sum/some, Gm. saman/zusammen, Gk. εἷς (heis), Hitt. san, Av. hakeret, Ir. samail/samhail, Lyc. sñta, Kamviri sâ~, Pers. hama/hamin, Russ. сам (sam), Skr. सकृत् (sakṛt), Toch. sas/ṣe, Welsh hafal, ON sami, Goth. sama |
| *semi- |
half |
Lat. sēmis, Gm. sami/—, Eng. sām-/sand-blind, Goth. sami-, Skr. समि (sami), Gk. ἥμισυς (hēmisus), Kamviri sâmaũ |
| *senh₁ó- |
old |
Lat. senex, Lith. senas, Ltv. sens, Gaul. Senognatus, ON sina, Skr. सन (sana), Av. hana, Arm. հին (hin), Gk. ἕνος (henos), Welsh hyn, Goth. sineigs, Ir. sen/ |
| *septḿ̥ |
seven |
Arm. եւթն (ewtʿn), Alb. shtatë/shtatë, Lith. septyni, Ltv. septiņi, Gaul. sextan, Gm. sibun/sieben, Eng. seofon/seven, Gk. ἑπτά (hepta), Av. hapta, Ir. secht/seacht, Hitt. šipta-, Kashmiri sath, Kamviri sut, Lat. septem, Oscan seften, ON sjau, Old Prussian septīnjai, Osset. avd/avd, Pers. /haft, OCS сєдмь (sedmĭ), Polish siedem, Russ. семь (sem'), Skr. सप्तन् (saptán), Toch. ṣpät/ṣukt, Goth. sibun, Welsh saith |
| *septm̥-ḱómt-h₂ |
seventy |
Lat. septuāgintā, Gk. ἑβδομήκοντα (hebdomēkonta), Ir. /seachtó, Skr. सप्तति (saptati) |
| *serpe- |
to creep |
Alb. gjarpër/gjarpën, Gk. ἕρπω (herpō), Lat. serpō, Skr. सृप् (sṛp), Kashmiri so.rūph |
| *sewyós |
left (direction), left-hand |
Skr. सव्य (savya), Welsh aswy, Av. haoya, Toch. —/saiwai, OCS šujĭ |
| *skand- |
to leap |
Skr. स्कन्दति (skandati), Gk. σκάνδαλον (skandalon), Ir. scendim/scinn, Lat. scandere |
| *skap- |
tool |
Russ. щепа (ščepa), Lith. kapoti, Ltv. kaplis, Gm. skaft/, Gk. σκεπάρνιον (skeparnion), Lat. capus, Pers. /kāfad, Alb. kep, Old Prussian warnaycopo, ON skapt, OCS kopajǫ |
| *smek- |
chin |
Ir. smech/smeach, Lith. smakras, Ltv. smakrs, Skr. श्मश्रु (śmaśru), Hitt. zamakur, Arm. մորուք (moruk'), Alb. mjekër, Lat. maxilla |
| *smeru- |
grease |
Ir. smiur/, Gk. σμύρις (smuris), Lat. medulla, Gm. smero/Schmer, Welsh mer, Eng. smerian/smear, Polish smar, Toch. /ṣmare, Lith. smarsas, ON smjǫr, Goth. smaírþr |
| *sneigʷʰ- |
snow |
Lith. sniegas, Ltv. sniegs, Old Prussian snaygis, Russ. снег (sneg), Ir. snechta/sneachta, Skr. स्नेह (sneha), Eng. snāw/snow, Gk. νίφα (nipha), Gm. sneo/Schnee, ON snjór, Goth. snaiws, Polish śnieg, Welsh nyf, Av. snaēža, Toch. /śiñcatstse |
| *sneudʰ- |
mist |
Av. snaoða, Welsh nudd, Gk. νοῦθος (nouthos), Lat. nūbēs |
| *snusós |
daughter-in-law |
Skr. स्नुषा (snuṣā), Eng. snoru/—, Gk. νυός (nuos), Lat. nurus, Arm. նու (nu), OCS snŭxa, Polish snecha, Russ. сноха (snoxa), Alb. nusa, Crimean Gothic schuos, ON snor, Gm. snur/Schnur |
| *sáls, *séh₂ls |
salt |
Lat. sāl, Umbrian salu, Toch. sāle/sālyiye, Lith. saldus, Ltv. sāļš, Eng. sealt/salt, Gk. ἅλς (hals), Arm. աղ (ał), Ir. salann/, OCS соль (solĭ), Russ. соль (sol'), Gm. salz/Salz, Polish sól, Welsh halen, Alb. gjelbson, ON salt, Goth. salt, Old Prussian sal, Skr. सलिल (salila), Illyr. Salapia |
| *s(w)okʷós |
sap, resin |
Alb. gjak, Gk. ὀπός (opós), Toch. sak/sekwe, Russ. сок (sok), Lith. sakai, OCS сокъ (sokŭ) |
| *solwo- |
whole |
Toch. salu/solme, Gk. ὅλος (holos), Arm. ողջ (ołǰ), Ir. slán/slán, Alb. gjallë, Skr. सर्व (sarva), Av. haurva, Kamviri sũdi, Polish sowity, Welsh holl, Lat. salvus, Oscan salavs, Umbrian saluvom, Russ. сулей (sulej), Pers. haluva/, OCS sulĕi |
| *sp(y)eu- |
to spit |
Lat. spuere, Gk. πτύω (ptuō), OCS pljujǫ, Lith. spjauti, Ltv. spļaut, Eng. spiwan/spew, Gm. spīwan/speien, ON spýja, Goth. spiewan, Skr. ष्टीवति (ṣṭīvati), Av. spāma, Arm. թուք (t'uk'), Pers. /tuf, Osset. thu, Russ. плюю (pljuju), Polish pluć |
| *sperg- |
sparrow |
Gm. sperk/sperling, Eng. spearwa/sparrow, Goth. sparwa, ON spǫrr, Toch. ṣpār/ṣpāra-, Gk. sparasion?, Old Prussian spurglis, Pers. /parasto, Lat. parra, Umbrian parfam, Ir. serriach/ |
| *splenǵʰ- |
spleen |
Gk. σπλήν (splēn), Lat. liēn, Ir. selg/sealg, Av. sparazan, Skr. प्लीहन् (plīhan), Lith. blužnis, Old Prussian blusne, Kamviri pṛu, Arm. փայծաղն (p'aycałn), OCS slĕzena, Russ. селезёнка (selezjonka), Polish śledziona, Bret. felc'h |
| *srebʰ- |
to gulp |
Lat. sorbēo, Arm. արբենալ (arbenal), Alb. gjerbë, Gk. ῥοφέω (rhopheō), Ir. srub, Lith. srėbti, Ltv. surbt; surbju, Russ. сёрбать (sjorbat'), Polish siorbać |
| *steh₂- |
to stand |
Av. hištaiti, Skr. तिष्ठति (tiṣṭhati), Eng. standan/stand, Lat. stō, Umbrian stahmei, Oscan staíet, Lith. stoti, Ltv. stāt, Old Prussian stacle, OCS stati, Russ. стать (stat'), Gm. stān/stehen, Polish stać, Phryg. eistani, Goth. standan, ON stóð, Pers. aištata/istādan, Alb. shtuara, Welsh gwastad, Toch. ṣtām/stām, Gk. ἵστημι (histēmi), Ir. tá/tá, Hitt. išta, Luw. išta-, Arm. ստանալ (stanal), Lyc. ta- |
| *steygh- |
to stride, to step |
Alb. shteg, Lith. stigti, Ltv. steigt, Ir. techt/teachd, Welsh taith, Goth. steigan, ON stígan, Eng. stǣger/stair, Gm. stīgan/steigen, Gk. στίχος (stikhos), Skr. स्तिघ्नोति (stighnoti), Russ. достигать (dostigat'), Polish ścigać, OCS postigǫnti |
| *suh₁- |
swine |
Eng. sū/sow, Ltv. sivēns, Russ. свин (svin), Skr. सूकर (sūkara), Alb. thi, Gk. ὗς (hus), Gm. sū/Sau, Toch. —/suwo, Ir. socc/soc, Welsh hwch, Polish świnia, Lat. sūs, Umbrian sif, ON sýr, Goth. swein, Av. hū |
| *suro- |
cheese |
Lith. sūris, Russ. сыр (syr), ON surr, Alb. hirrë, Polish ser |
| *swe- |
self, oneself (third person reflexive enclitic pronoun) |
Carian sfes, Lyd. śfa-, OPruss. sien; sin, Lith. savo, Latv sevi, Gm. sih/sich; sin/sein, Goth. sik, Gk. ἑός (heos), Skr. sva, OCS se, Phryg. ve, ON sik; sinn, Eng. sīn/--, Alb. vetë, Lat. sē; sibi; suus, Oscan sífeí, Umbrian seso, Av. hva, Arm. ինքը (ink'ë), Russ. себя (sebja) |
| *swésōr |
sister |
Eng. sweostor/sister, Gm. swester/Schwester, Skr. स्वसृ (svasṛ), OCS сєстра (sestra), Russ. сестра (sestra), Polish siostra, Kamviri sus, Ir. siur/siur, Arm. քոյր (k'oyr), Toch. ṣar/ṣer, Gk. ἔορ (eor)/—, Lat. soror. Welsh chwaer, Gaul. suiior, ON systir, Goth. swistar, Av. xvaṅhar, Lith. sesuo, Old Prussian swestro, Pers. /xāhar |
| *swȇḱuros |
father-/mother-in-law |
Russ. свекровь (svekrov'), Skr. श्वशुर (śvaśura); श्वश्रू (śvaśrū), Lith. šešuras, Gm. swigur/Schwieger, Welsh chwegr, Arm. սկեսուր (skesur), Gk. ἑκυρός (hekuros), Lat. socrus, Alb. vjehërr, Kamviri č.uč., Eng. swēor/—, Av. xvasura-, Polish świekra, Goth. swaíhrō, ON svǽra, OCS svekŭrŭ |
| *sweh₂d-u- |
sweet |
Eng. swēte/sweet, Gk. ἡδύς (hēdus), Lat. suāvis, Gaul. Suadurīx, Gm. suozi/süss, ON sötr, Welsh chwant, Ir. sant/, Skr. स्वादु (svādu), Lith. sūdyti, Av. xʷāsta, Goth. sutis, Toch. swār/swāre |
| *swey- |
to whistle |
Russ. свист (svist), Lith. švilpti, Ltv. svilpiens, Skr. क्ष्वेडति (kṣveḍati), Ir. ind fet/fead, Welsh chwythu, Polish świst, Gk. σίζω (sizō)/, Lat. sibāre, Goth. swiglōn, Gm. swegala/, Eng. swegalōn/, OCS svistati |
| *sweid- |
sweat |
Arm. քիրտն (k'irtn), Alb. djersë, Eng. swǣtan/sweat, Lith. saldus, Ltv. sviedri, Skr. स्वेदते (svedate), Gk. ἱδρόω (hidroō), Lat. sūdor, Gm. sweiz/Schweiss, Welsh chwys, ON sveiti, Av. xvaēda |
| *swel- |
to burn |
Ltv. svelt, Lith. sveltu, Goth. swiltan, ON svalr, Eng. swelan, Gk. ἥλιος (hēlios), Skr. स्वरति (svarati), Toch. slam/sleme |
| *swep- |
sleep |
Lith. sapnas, Skr. स्वप्न (svapna), Lat. somnus, ON svefn, Toch. ṣpäṃ/ṣpane, Gk. ὕπνος (hupnos), Av. xvafna, Ir. suán/suan, OCS sunu, Russ. сон (son), Arm. քուն (k'un), Alb. gjumë, Welsh hun, Eng. swefan/—, Pers. /xāb |
| *swep- |
to throw |
Lat. supāre, Skr. स्वपू (svapū), Lith. supti, Ltv. šūpāt, OCS svepiti sę, Russ. сыпать (sypat'), ON sófl, Polish sypać |
| *swergʰ- |
to be ill |
Goth. saurga, Gm. soraga/Sorge, Skr. सूर्क्षति (sūrkṣati), Ir. serg/, Lith. sirgti, Ltv. sirgt, Eng. sorg/sorrow, ON sorg, Alb. dergjet, OCS sraga, Russ. сорога (soroga), Toch. särk/sark, Arm. երկ (erk) |
| *swéḱs |
six |
Arm. վեց (vec'), Alb. gjashtë, Lith. šeši, Ltv. seši, Gaul. suex, Gm. sēhs/sechs, Eng. siex/six, Gk. ἕξ (heks), Av. xš.uuaš, Illyr. ses-, Ir. sé/sé, Kashmiri śe, Kamviri ṣu, Lat. sex, Oscan sehs, ON sex, Old Prussian usjai, Osset. æxsæz/æxsæz, Pers. /šeš, OCS šestĭ, Polish sześć, Russ. шесть (šest'), Skr. षष् (ṣaṣ), Toch. ṣäk/ṣkas, Umbrian sehs, Goth. saihs, Welsh chwech |
| *swonos- |
to sound |
Skr. स्वनति (svanati), Lat. sonāre, Eng. swan/swan, Gm. swan/Schwan, ON svanr, Av. xvanatčaxra, Ir. senim/seinm |
| *swordó- |
black |
Lat. sordēre, Eng. sweart/swarthy, Gm. swarz/schwarz, Goth. swarts, ON svartr, Lith. sartas |
| *syuh₁- |
to sew |
Skr. सीव्यति (sīvyati), Lat. suere, Eng. seowian/sew, Lith. siūti, Ltv. šūt, Russ. шить (šit'), Polish szyć, ON sýja, Goth. siujan, Gk. ὑμήν (humēn), Old Prussian schumeno, Gm. siuwen/Saum, OCS šijǫ, Hitt. suel |
| *sóh₂wl̥ |
sun |
Lat. sōl, Lith. saulė, Ltv. saule, Welsh haul, Gk. ἥλιος (hēlios), Eng. sigel/—; sunne/sun, OCS slunice, Russ. солнце (solntse), Skr. सूर्य (sūrya), Av. hvarə, Gm. sunna/Sonne, ON sól; sunna, Goth. sauil; sunno, Welsh haul, Ir. súil/súil, Toch. swāñce/swāñco, Kamviri su, Polish słońce, Old Prussian saule, Pers. -farnah-/ |
| *suHnús, *suHyús |
son |
Skr. सूनु (sūnú), Av. hunu-, Lith. sūnùs, Old Prussian souns, Eng. sunu/son, Gm. sunu/Sohn, Goth. 𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌿𐍃 (sunus), ON sonr, OCS съінъ (synŭ), Russ. сын (syn), Gk. υἱύς (huius), Toch. se/soy, soṃśke, Arm. ուստր (ustr) |
| Root |
Meaning |
Derivatives |
| *h₁ar-mo- |
arm |
Osset. арм (arm), Arm. արմունկ (armunk), Lat. armus, OCS рамо (ramo), Goth. 𐌰𐍂𐌼𐍃 (arms), Eng. earm/arm, Skr. ईर्म (īrmá), Old Prussian irmo, Gm. aram/Arm, ON armr, Gk. ἄρθρον (arthron)/ |
| *h₁dónts |
tooth |
Lat. dens, Gk. ὀδούς (odous), Welsh dant, Lith. dantis, Skr. दत् (dát), Marathi /dat, Eng. tōþ/tooth, Gm. zand/Zahn, Goth. tunþus, Russ. десна (desna), Welsh dant, Kamviri dut, Pers. /دندان (dandān), Kashmiri dãd, Ir. dét/déad, ON tǫnn, Osset. дæндаг (dændag) |
| *h₁ed- |
to eat |
Lith. ėsti, Ltv. ēst, Old Prussian ist, Russ. есть (jest'), Polish jeść, Skr. अत्ति (átti), Av. ad, Arm. ուտել (utel), Hitt. 𒂊𒀉𒈪 (eidmi), Luw. ad-; az-, Palaic ata-, Lat. edō, Oscan edum, Gk. ἔδω (edō), Eng. etan/eat, Gm. essan/essen, ON eta, Goth. itan, Ir. esse/, Thrac. esko-, Toch. /yesti, OCS ясти (jasti) |
| *h₁edʰ- |
sharp |
Russ. ель (jel'), Lith. eglė, Ltv. egle, Lat. ebulus, Gaul. odocos, Ir. aidlen/ailim, Old Prussian addle, Eng. ellærn/elder (tree), Gm. attuh/, Polish jodła, Gk. elate |
| *h₁eh₁ter- |
intestines |
Gk. ἦτορ (ētor)/, Ir. inathar/, Lat. uterus, ON ǽðr, Eng. ǣdder/, Gm. ādra/Ader |
| *h₁eh₂-ter- |
fire |
Arm. այրել (ayrel), Ir. áith/áith, Welsh odyn, Skr. अथर्वन् (átharvan), Av. ātarš, Pers. Āçiyādiya/آدر (ādar), Lat. āter, Umbrian atru, Oscan Aadíriis |
| *h₁ey- |
to go |
Skr. एति (éti), Av. aēiti, Gk. εἶμι (eimi), Lat. eō, Umbrian ier, Oscan eítuns, Kamviri ie, Gaul. eimu, Toch. i/i, Ir. ethaim/, Pers. 𐎠𐎡𐎫𐎡𐎹 (aitiy) /, OCS ити (iti), Luw. 𒄿𒄿 (iti), Goth. iddja, Eng. ēode/--, Lith. eiti, Ltv. iet, Old Prussian eit, Russ. идти (idti), Polish iść, Alb. ik |
| *h₁eibʰ- |
to copulate |
Gm. eiba/—, Skr. यभति (yabhati), Russ. ебать (jebat'), Illyr. Oibalos, Gk. οἴφω (oiphō)/, Polish jebać |
| *h₁el- |
elbow |
Gm. elina/elle, Gk. ὠλένη (ōlenē), Arm. ոլոք (olok'), Lith. uolektis, Ltv. olekts, Russ. локоть (lokot'), Skr. आणि (āṇi), Welsh elin, Eng. eln/ell, Ir. uilin/uille, Goth. aleina, ON aln, Alb. llërë/llânë, Av. arəθna, Old Prussian woaltis, OCS pakŭtĭ, Polish łokieć, Pers. /ارن (āran, aran) |
| *h₁engʷ- |
gland |
Alb. angërr, Gk. ἀδήν (adēn), Lat. inguen, ON ökkvinn |
| *h₁epero- |
boar |
Lith. Vepriai, Ltv. vepris, Gm. ebur/Eber, Eng. eofor/--, Russ. вепрь (vepr'), Polish wieprz, Skr. वपति (vapati), Lat. aper; vepres, Umbrian apruf, Old Prussian Weppren, Thrac. ebros, ON jǫfurr, Gaul. eburo |
| *h₁er- |
goat |
Arm. որոճ (oroč̣), Lith. ėriukas, Ltv. jērs, Old Prussian eristian, Lat. ariēs, Umbrian erietu, Ir. heirp/earb, Gk. ἔριφος (eriphos), Gm. irah/, OCS jarici |
| *h₁erh₁gʷo- |
pea |
Gk. ὄροβος (orobos), Ir. orbaind/, Welsh erfin, Lat. ervum, Gm. arawīz/Erbse, ON ertr, Skt. aravindam |
| *h₁es- |
to be |
OCS єстъ (estŭ), Russ. есть (est'), Lith. esmi, Ltv. esmu, Old Prussian asmai, Gk. ἐστί (esti), Ir. am/, Skr. अस्ति (ásti), Av. asti, Lat. esse, Umbrian sent, Oscan súm, Eng. is/is, Arm. եմ (em), Polish jest, Alb. është/âsht, Gm. ist/ist, Goth. 𐌹𐍃𐍄 (ist), ON es, Hitt. 𒂊𒌍𒍣 (ēszi), Lyc. es, Luw. as, Lyd. e-, Palaic aš-, Toch. ṣe/ṣei, Pers. 𐎠𐎿𐎫𐎡𐎹 (astiy) / است (ast) |
| *h₁eu- |
to dress |
Av. aoθra, Russ. обуть (obut'), Polish obuć, Lith. aũti, Ltv. àut, Lat. exuō; induō; subūcula, Arm. ագանիմ (aganim), Old Prussian auclo, Umbrian anovihimu, Ir. fúan/, Welsh gŵn, OCS obujǫ; izuti, Alb. mbath, Toch. /ewe |
| *h₁euhdʰ-r̥- |
udder |
Lith. ūdruoju, Eng. ūder/udder, Gm. ūtir/Euter, ON jūgr, Gk. οὖθαρ (outhar), Skr. ऊधस् (ū́dhas), Lat. ūber, Russ. вымя (vimja), Polish wymię |
| *h₁eus- |
to burn |
Alb. ushël, Lith. usnis, Ltv. usna, Lat. ūrō, Gk. εὕω (heuō), Gm. eimuria/, Eng. ǣmerge/ember, ON usli, Skr. ओषति (oṣati), |
| *h₁ewegʷʰ- |
to praise |
Skr. वाघत् (vāghat), Av. raštarəvaġənti, Gk. εὔχομαι (eukhomai), Arm. գոգ (gog), Lat. vovēre, Umbrian vufetes |
| *h₁eǵʰi- |
hedgehog |
Russ. ёж (jož), Lith. ežys, Ltv. ezis, Phryg. eksis, Gk. ἐχῖνος (ekhinos), Gm. igil/Igel, Arm. ոզնի (ozni), Eng. igil/--, ON ígul, Osset. уызын (wyzyn), Polish jeż, Phryg. eksis, Alb. esh |
| *h₁eǵʰs |
out |
Lat. ex, Gk. ἐκ (ek)/ἐξ (eks), Gaul. ex-, Ir. ass/as; acht/; echtar, Russ. из (iz), Alb. jashtë, Oscan eh-, Umbrian ehe-, Lith. iš, Ltv. iz, Old Prussian is, Welsh a |
| *h₁éḱwos |
horse |
Lat. equus, Toch. yuk/yakwe, Gaul. epos, Gk. ἵππος (hippos), Skr. अश्व (áśva), Av. asva-, Lith. ašva, Old Prussian aswinan, Kamviri ušpa, Eng. eoh/—, Gm. ehwaz/—, Goth. aiƕtundi, ON iór, Hitt. aśuwas, Arm. էշ (ēš) , Welsh ebol, Ir. ech/each, Thrac. esvas, Lyc. esbe-, Phryg. es', Pers. 𐎠𐎿 (asa) / اسپ (asp), Osset. ефс (efs, “mare”)/æфсæ (æfsæ), Venetic ekvon, Alb. sasë |
| *h₁nḗh₃mn̥ |
name |
Toch. ñom/ñem, Lat. nōmen, Umbrian 𐌄𐌌𐌏𐌍 (nome), Eng. nama/name, Gm. namo/Name, ON nafn, Goth. 𐌽𐌰𐌼𐍉 (namō), Skr. नामन् (nā́man), Av. nąman, Gk. ὄνομα (onoma), OCS имѧ (imę), Russ. имя (imja), Alb. emër/êmën, Ir. ainm/ainm, Welsh enw, Hitt. 𒆷𒀀𒈠𒀭 (lāman), Kamviri nom, Pers. 𐎴𐎠𐎶 (nāma) / نام (nām), Arm. անուն (anun), Polish imię, Old Prussian emnes |
| *h₁oh₁s- |
mouth |
Skr. आस् (ās)); ओष्ठ (óṣṭha), Av. aosta, Lat. ōs, Lith. uosta, Ltv. osta, Russ. уста (usta), Kamviri âša, Old Prussian austo, Eng. ōr/—, Hitt. aiš, ON oss |
| *h₁oh₁ḱ-u- |
quick |
Gk. ὠκύς (ōkus), Lat. ōcior, OWelsh di-auc, Av. āsu, Skr. आशु (āśú), Russ. ястреб (jastreb), OCS jastrębŭ |
| *h₁omH₁-so- |
shoulder |
Gk. ὦμος (ōmos), Lat. umĕrus, Skr. अंस (aṃsa), Goth. ams, ON ass, Toch. es/āntse, Arm. ուս (us) |
| *h₁oḱtō(u) |
eight |
Arm. ութ (ut'), Alb. tëte/tetë, Lith. aštuoni, Ltv. astoņi, Gaul. oxtū, Gm. ahto/acht, Eng. eahta/eight, Gk. ὀκτώ (oktō), Av. ašta, Ir. ocht/ocht, Kashmiri ā.ṭh, Lyc. aitãta-, Kamviri uṣṭ, Lat. octō, Oscan uhto, ON átta, Old Prussian astōnjai, Osset. аст (ast), Pers. ašta/هشت (hašt), OCS осмь (osmĭ), Polish osiem, Russ. восемь (vosem'), Skr. अष्ट (aṣṭa), Toch. okät/okt, Goth. ahtau, Welsh wyth |
| *h₁reudʰ-ó- |
red |
Lat. ruber, Eng. rēad/red, Lith. raudonas, Ltv. ruds, Skr. रुधिर (rudhira), Russ. рдеть (rdet'), Gk. ἐρυθρός (eruthros), Toch. rtär/ratre, Av. raoðita, Goth. rauþs, ON rjóðr, Gm. rōt/rot, Oscan Rufriis, Umbrian rufru, Ir. ruadh/ Welsh rhudd, Gaul. Roudos |
| *h₁rebʰ- |
to roof |
Gk. ἐρέφω (erephō), OCS rebro, Russ. ребро (rebro), Eng. ribb/rib, ON rif, Gm. ribba/Rippe, Polish żebro |
| *h₁rep- |
to snatch |
Lat. rapere, Gk. ἐρέπτομαι (ereptomai); ἁρπάζω (harpazō), Lith. ap-répti, Eng. reap, Gm. reifsen, Alb. rjep |
| *h₁reug- |
to vomit |
Russ. рыгать (rygat'), Polish rzygać, Lith. riaugėti, Ltv. raugāties, Gk. ἐρεύγομαι (ereugomai), Lat. ructāre, Eng. rēocan/reek, Gm. rouhhan/rauchen; itruchen/, ON reykja, Pers. /āroġ, Arm. ործկալ (orçkal) |
| *h₁rebʰ- |
to roof |
Gk. ἐρέφω (erephō), OCS rebro, Russ. ребро (rebro), Eng. ribb/rib, ON rif, Gm. ribba/Rippe, Polish żebro |
| *h₁rep- |
to snatch |
Lat. rapere, Gk. ἐρέπτομαι (ereptomai); ἁρπάζω (harpazō), Lith. ap-répti, Eng. reap, Gm. reifsen, Alb. rjep |
| *h₁reugʰmen- |
cream |
Lith. rūgti, Ltv. raugs, Av. raoġna, Pers. /roġān, ON rjúmi, Eng. rēam/ream, Gm. roum/Rahm, Alb. vrug |
| *h₁reus-men- |
throat |
Skr. रोमन्थ (romantha), Lat. rūmen, Welsh rhumen, Lith. raumuo, Ltv. raumins |
| *h₁éh₃g-o- |
berry |
Toch. oko/oko, Lith. úoga, Ltv. oga, OCS jagoda, Russ. ягода (jagoda), Polish jagoda, Goth. akran, ON akarn, Gm. ēker/Ecker, Eng. æcern/acorn, Ir. arni/àirne, Welsh eirin |
| *h₁ésh₂r̥- (nom-acc. *h₁ésh₂r̥, gen. *h₁esh₂n-ós) |
blood |
Skr. असृज् (ásṛj), Old Lat. aser, Lat. sanguen, Ir. iarn/iarann, Ltv. asins, Hitt. ēšar, Lyc. esêne-, Luw. ašhar-, Toch. ysār/yasar, Gk. ἔαρ (éar), Arm. արյուն (ariwn) |
| *h₂ōwyóm |
egg |
Lat. ōvum, Gk. ᾠόν (ōon), Russ. яйцо (jajtso), Gm. ei/Ei, Eng. ǣg/Cockney, Ir. /ubh, Welsh ŵy, Alb. ve/vo, ON egg, Crimean Gothic ada, Arm. ձու (ju), Pers. xāyah, OCS ajĭse, Kurd. hék |
| *h₁ói-no- |
one |
Alb. një/nji, Lith. vienas, Ltv. viens, Gaul. oinos, Gm. ein/eins, Eng. ān/one, Gk. οἶος (oios), Av. aēuua, Ir. óin/aon, Kashmiri akh, Kamviri ev, Oscan uinus, ON einn, Old Prussian aīns, Osset. иу (iu)/ieu, Pers. aiva/yek, OCS edinŭ, Polish jeden, Russ. один (odin), Skr. एक (eka), Lat. ūnus, Umbrian uns, Goth. ains, Welsh un |
| Root |
Meaning |
Derivatives |
| *h₂ebl-o- |
apple |
Lith. obuolys, Ltv. ābols, Eng. æppel/apple, Russ. яблоко (jabloko), Ir. uball/ubhall, Gm. aphul/Apfel, Polish jabłko, Welsh afal, Old Prussian woble, Skr. अबल (abala), ON eple, Gaul. avallo, OCS аблъко (ablŭko) |
| h₂eǵʰ- |
plough animal |
Arm. եզն (ezn), Ir. ag/agh, Welsh ael; eilion, Skr. अही (ahī), Av. azī |
| *h₂ego- |
fault, sin |
Skr. आगस् (ā́gas), Gk. ἄγος (agos), Eng. acan/ache |
| *akʷā- |
water |
Lat. aqua, Welsh aig, Russ. Ока (Oka), Goth. aha, Gm. aha/Ache, OEng. éa; īg/island, Hitt. akwanzi, Luw. ahw-, Palaic aku-, ON á, Goth. aƕa |
| *h₂ep- |
water |
Skr. अप् (apha), Pers. 𐎠𐎱𐎡𐎹𐎠 (apiyā) / آب (āb), Lith úpe ; *h₂p-isk- "fish" Lat. piscis, Ir. íasc/iasc, Goth. fisks, ON fiskr, Eng. fisc/fish, Gm. fisc/Fisch, Russ. пескарь (peskar'), Polish piskorz |
| *h₂egʷs-ih₂- |
axe |
Lat. ascia, Eng. æx/axe, Gm. ackis/Axt, Gk. ἀξίνη (aksinē), ON øx, Goth. aqizi |
| *h₂egʷʰno- |
lamb |
OCS agnę, Russ. ягнёнок (jagnjonok), Gk. ἀμνός (amnos), Ir. úan/uan, Eng. ēanian/yean, Welsh oen, Lat. agnus, Umb. habina, Pol. jagnię, Alb. enjë/êjë |
| *h₂eig- |
sick |
Lat. aeger, Toch. ekroill/aikare, ON eikenn; eikja/eikla, Lith. ingas, Ltv. angus, OCS jęsa, Russ. яга (jaga), Polish jędza, Eng. ācol, Arm. yekro/yegro?, Alb. kë-ëk |
| *h₂eim- |
copy |
Hitt. ḫimma, Lat. aemulus; imāgō; reimere; geminus, MIr. emon, Alb. gjysmë, Lith. jumis, Skt. yamá, Av.' yima |
| *h₂eiti- |
part |
Av. aēta, Oscan aeteis, Gk. αἴτιος (aitios) |
| *h₂eiw- |
vital force |
Skr. आयु (āyu), Lat. aevum, Ir. áes/aois, Av. āyū, Toch. A āym, Eng. æfre/ever, Gm. īo/je; êwig/ewig, Goth. aiws, ON ei, Gk. αἰών (aiōn), Alb. eshë |
| *h₂eiǵ- |
goat |
Skr. एड (eḍajá), Av. izaēna, Pers. azg, Arm. այծ (ayc), Gk. αἴξ (aïx), Alb. edh, Lith ožỹs, Ltv. āzis |
| *h₂eiǵ- |
oak |
Lith. ąžuolas, Lat. aesculus, Gk. aigilōps; κράταιγος (krataigos), ON eik, Eng. āc/oak, Gm. eihha/Eiche, MIr. áesc, Alb. enjë |
| *h₂eiḱ- |
spear/pike |
Gk. aiklos?/, Lat. īcō, Old Prussian aysmis, OCS igla, Polish igła, Av. išarə, Lith. iešmas, Ltv. iesms, ON eigin, Russ. игла (igla) |
| *h₂eiḱ- |
to be master of, to possess |
Eng. āgan/ought, Goth. aigan, Gm. eigan/eigen, ON eiga, Skr. ईष्टे (īṣṭe), Av. īšti |
| *h₂ek-mon- |
stone |
Gk. ἄκμων (akmōn), Lith. akmuo, Ltv. akmens, Skr. अश्मन् (áśman), Av. asman, Russ. камень (kamen'), Eng. hamer/hammer, Polish kamień, ON hamarr, Hitt. aku, Pers. 𐎠𐎿𐎶𐎠𐎴𐎶 (asmānam)/, Gaul. acaunum, Gm. hamar/Hammer |
| *h₂el-yó- *h₂el-nó- |
other |
Lat. alius, Eng. elles/else; ōþer/other, Skr. अरण (araṇa), Gk. ἄλλος (allos), Oscan allo, Toch. ālak/allek, Arm. այլ (ayl), Gaul. alla, Ir. aile/eile, Welsh ail, Goth. alijs; anþar, Gm. elilenti/elend; andar/andere, ON elligar; annarr, Lyd. aλaś, Osset. æндæр (ændær) |
| *h₂elbʰ-it- |
barley |
Alb. elb, Gk. ἄλφιτον (alphiton), Pashto ōrbaše, Wakhi arbəsi |
| *h₂elbʰó- |
white |
Lat. albus, Umbrian alfu, Hitt. alpas, Gm. Alps, Welsh elfydd, Russ. лебедь (lebed'), Eng. ælf/elf, Gk. ἀλφός (alphos), Lyc. alb-, ON alfr |
| *h₂elud- |
beer |
Lith. alus, Ltv. alus, Lat. alūmen, Eng. ealu/ale, Gk. ἀλύδοιμος (aludoimos)?/, ON ǫl, Old Prussian alu, OCS olŭ |
| *h₂en- |
ancestor |
Gk. ἀννίς (annís), Lat. anus; anna, Mess. ana, Gm. ano/Ahn, Lith. anyta, Hitt. hannas, Arm. հան (han), Russ. внук (vnuk), Old Prussian ane, OIr. Ana |
| *h₂en- |
spirit |
Skr. अन (ana), Goth. uzanan; andi, OIr. animm; anál, Gk. ἄνεμος (ánemos), Lat. animus; anima, OCS vonja, Russ. вонь (von'), Welsh anysbryd, ON anda; ǫnd, Eng. eðian; ōþian, Welsh eneid, Av. åntya, Lith. anuoti, Arm. անձն (anjn); հողմ (hołm), Alb. ëj/âj, Oscan anamum, Toch. āñcäm/āñme |
| *h₂engwi- |
snake |
Lat. anguis; anguilla, Lith. angìs; ankštiraĩ; ungurys, OHG unc; angar/Engerling, Ir. escung/eascann, Welsh llys-yw-en; euod; euon, Russ. угорь (ugor'), Gk. ochis; échis; ἔγχελυς (enkhelus), OPruss. angurgis, Alb. thnegël, Toch auk, Arm. աւձ (awj), իժ (iž), Skt. áhis, Av. aži |
| *h₂enh₁-ti- |
duck |
Lat. anas, Skr. आति (ātí), Oss. ацц (acc), Russ. утка (utka), Gm. anut/Ente, OEng. æned, ON ǫnd, Lith/Ltv. ántis, Alb. rosë, Gk. νῆττα (nētta) |
| *h₂enk- |
angle |
OHG ango, Osset. æнгуыр (ænguyr), Skr. अङ्क (áṅka), Lat. ancus, Lith. anka, Ltv. āķis, Gk. onkos; ἄγκος (ankōn), Russ. угол (ugol), ON angi, Av. aṅkupəsəmna, Welsh angad; crafanc, OIr. ēcath, Hitt. hink |
| *h₂enǵʰ- |
narrow |
Gk. ἄγχω (ankhō)/, Skr. अंहु (aṁhu), Av. ązaṅhē, Russ. узкий (uzkij), Goth. aggwus, ON aungr, Arm. անձուկ (anjuk), Gm. engi/eng, Hitt. hamenk, OCS ǫzŭkŭ, Polish wąski, Lith. ankšta, Toch. eṁts/entse, Eng. enge/, Welsh yng, Ir. cumung/cung, Lat. angor; angere, Alb. ang |
| *h₂ep- |
river, lake |
Hitt. 𒄩𒉺𒀀 (ḫapaa), Palaic ḫapnas, Luw. 𒄩𒀀𒁉𒅖 (ḫāpis), Ltv. upe, Lith. upė, Old Prussian ape, Eng. ōfer/, Gm. /Ufer, Skr. अप् (áp), Av. afš, Lat. amnis, Toch. āp/āp |
| *h₂ep- |
to reach |
Av. apayeiti, Lat. apex, Skr. आप्त (āpta), Gk. ἅπτω (haptō), Arm. ունիմ (unim), Hitt. apanzi, Toch. oppäśśi/, Polish opaść |
| *h₂eps-eh₂- |
aspen |
Eng. æspe/aspen, Gm. aspa/Espe, ON ǫsp, Lith. epušė, Ltv. apse, Old Pruss. abse, Pol. osa, Gk. ἄσπρις (aspris), Lat. abiēs, Welsh aethnen |
| *h₂er- |
nut |
Lith. ruošutỹs, Russ. орех (orékh), Alb. arrë, Gk. árna, Pol. orzech, Hitt. harau |
| *h₂erg- |
to lock |
Gk. ἀρκέω (arkeō), Lat. arcēre, Arm. արգել (argel), Goth. arka, Old Prussian arkan, Polish arkan, Hitt. ḫark-, Toch. B ārk, Oscan trííbarakavúm, Lith. raktas; užrakinti |
| *h₂erH₁- |
to plow |
Toch. āre/āre, Lat. arō; aratrum, Gk. ἀροτήρ (arotēr), Lith. arti; ārklas, Ltv. art, OCS orati, Russ. орать (orat'), Arm. արաւր (arawr), Pol. orać, Goth. arjan, Eng. erian/, ON arðr, Welsh arddu; aradr, OIr. airim; arathar, OPruss. artoys, OHG erien |
| *h₂erǵó-, *h₂erǵí- |
white, shining |
Gk. ἄργυρος (arguros), Lat. arguō, Hitt. ḫarkiš, Toch. ārki/arkwi, Eng. eorcnanstān/—, Gk. erchan?/—, Skr. अर्जुन (arjuna), Ir. argat/airgead, Av. arəzah, Welsh ariant, Oscan aragetud, Arm. արծաթ (arcatʿ), Phryg. arg, Thrac. arzas, Goth. unairkns |
| *h₂eu- |
to help |
Skr. अवति (ávati), Lat. aveō; avārus, Av. avaiti, Arm. աւիւն (awiwn), Gaul. Avicantus, Gk. -aones?, Lith. aušti, Ltv. aust, OIr. con-oí, Toch. olar/aulāre, ON auð, Eng. īþe/, Gm. ōdmuoti/, Welsh ewyllys; adaw |
| *h₂eug- |
to glance |
Gk. αὐγή (augē), Alb. ag; agoj, Russ. юг (jug), OCS jugŭ |
| *h₂eug- |
to increase |
Lith. augti, Ltv. augt, Lat. auctis, Gk. αὐξάνω (auksanō), Skr. उग्र (ugra), Toch. ok/auk, Eng. eacan/eke; weaxan/wax, Gm. ouh/auch; wahsan/wachsen, ON auka; vaxa, Goth. aukan; wahsjan, Old Prussian auginnons, Umbrian uhtur |
| *h₂euH₂o- *h₂éuh₂-yo- |
paternal grandfather, maternal uncle |
Lat. avus; avunculus, Gaul. avontīr, Gk. aia?, Lith. avynas, Old Prussian awis, Welsh ewythr, Arm. հաւ (haw), Eng. ēam/, Ir. aue/ó, Goth. awó, Gm. ōheim/Ohm; Awwe, OCS uy, Russ. уй |
