Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/wardijaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *wortéye- (“to turn”). Originally the causative of *werþaną (“to become”), although it was probably no longer recognised as such by Germanic times.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈwɑr.ði.jɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*wardijaną

1. to destroy, ruin

Inflection

Conjugation of *wardijaną (weak class 1)

	active voice			passive voice
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*wardijō	*wardijaų	—	*wardijai	?
2nd singular	*wardīsi	*wardijais	*wardī	*wardijasai	*wardijaisau
3rd singular	*wardīþi	*wardijai	*wardijaþau	*wardijaþai	*wardijaiþau
1st dual	*wardijōs	*wardijaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*wardijaþiz	*wardijaiþiz	*wardijaþiz	—	—
1st plural	*wardijamaz	*wardijaim	—	*wardijanþai	*wardijainþau
2nd plural	*wardīþ	*wardijaiþ	*wardīþ	*wardijanþai	*wardijainþau
3rd plural	*wardijanþi	*wardijain	*wardijanþau	*wardijanþai	*wardijainþau
past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*wardidǭ	*wardidēdį̄
2nd singular	*wardidēz	*wardidēdīz
3rd singular	*wardidē	*wardidēdī
1st dual	*wardidēdū	*wardidēdīw
2nd dual	*wardidēdudiz	*wardidēdīdiz
1st plural	*wardidēdum	*wardidēdīm
2nd plural	*wardidēdud	*wardidēdīd
3rd plural	*wardidēdun	*wardidēdīn
	present	past
participles	*wardijandz	*wardidaz

Derived terms

• *frawardijaną
• *wardīniz

 

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *wardijan
  • Old English: wierdan, wyrdan, wirdan
    • Middle English: werden, weorden
  • Old Frisian: werda
  • Old High German: werten
    • Middle High German: werten
• Gothic: *𐍅𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽 (*wardjan)