Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/ḱḗr

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Reconstruction

The nominative singular form is underlyingly */ḱérd/, yielding the surface form *ḱḗr which is itself evident in Ancient Greek κῆρ (kêr) and Hittite 𒆠𒅕 (ker). This reconstruction is the only instance in PIE where a loss of */d/ after */r/ with compensatory lengthening of the preceding vowel occurred. It is not clear whether this is an isolated example, or a part of a broader process such as Szemerényi's law.

Noun

*ḱḗr n (oblique stem *ḱr̥d-)

1. heart

Inflection

Athematic, amphikinetic
	singular
nominative	*ḱḗr
genitive	*ḱr̥dés
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*ḱḗr	*ḱérdih₁	*ḱérdh₂
vocative	*ḱḗr	*ḱérdih₁	*ḱérdh₂
accusative	*ḱḗr	*ḱérdih₁	*ḱérdh₂
genitive	*ḱr̥dés	*?	*ḱr̥dóHom
ablative	*ḱr̥dés	*?	*ḱr̥dmós
dative	*ḱr̥déy	*?	*ḱr̥dmós
locative	*ḱḗr, *ḱérdi	*?	*ḱr̥dsú
instrumental	*ḱr̥déh₁	*?	*ḱr̥dmís

Derived terms

• *ḱréd-dʰh₁e-ti

Descendants

• Proto-Albanian:
  • Albanian: kërth, kërthizë
• Proto-Anatolian:
  • Hittite: 𒆠𒅕 (ker)
  • Luwian:

    Cuneiform script: 𒍝𒀀𒅈𒍝 (/⁠^UZUzārza⁠/)

    Anatolian Hieroglyphs script: 𔖪𔖱𔖪 (za-ra/i-za)

  • Lycian: 𐊋𐊕𐊆𐊅𐊁 (kride)
  • Palaic: 𒅗𒀀𒅈𒋾 (ka-a-ar-ti /⁠kārt-⁠/)
• Proto-Armenian: *ḱḗrdi-
  • Old Armenian: սիրտ (sirt)
    • Armenian: սիրտ (sirt)
• Proto-Balto-Slavic: *śḗr (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Celtic: *kridyom (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Germanic: *hertô (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Hellenic: *kərdíyā, *kḗr?
  • Ancient Greek: καρδία (kardía), κῆρ (kêr)
    • Greek: καρδιά (kardiá)
• Proto-Italic: *kord (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰŕ̥dayam (unexplained voiced aspiration) (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Tocharian: *käryā-
  • Tocharian A: kri
  • Tocharian B: *käryā-