Appendix:Proto-Indo-European/pénkʷe

This entry contains Proto-Indo-European reconstructed words and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

Usually explained as a derivation from the words for "fist" and "finger":

• PIE *pn̥kʷ-sti-s (“fist”) > Proto-Germanic *funhstiz > *funstiz (> Old English fȳst (“fist”), Old Frisian fest (“fist”), Old High German fūst (“fist”))

• PIE *penkʷ-ró-s (“finger”) > Proto-Germanic *fingraz (“finger”) (> Gothic  (figgrs, “finger”), Old Norse finger, Old English finger, Old High German finger)

According to Horowitz, ultimately all of these forms may go back to a verbal stem *penkʷ- (“to take in hand, to handle”), but which is not attested in any of the daughter languages. According to Blažek (1999: 229) however, the meanings “fist”, etc. are primary.

Numeral

*pénkʷe

1. five

Declension

Uninflected.

Descendants

• Albanian:
  • Old Albanian: pensë
    • Albanian: pesë
• Anatolian:
  • Luwian: paⁿta
• Armenian:
  • Old Armenian: հինգ (hing)
    • Armenian: հինգ (hing)
• Baltic:
  • Lithuanian: penki
  • Latvian: pieci
  • Old Prussian: pēnkjāi
  • Sudovian: pank
• Celtic: *kʷinkʷe
• Germanic: *fimf
• Hellenic:
  • Ancient Greek: πέντε (pénte)
    • Greek: πέντε (pénde)
• Indo-Iranian:
  • Indo-Aryan:
    • Kashmiri: pā.~tsh
    • Romani: panj
    • Sanskrit: पञ्चन् (páñcan)
      • Bengali: পাঁচ (pāṁc)
      • Hindi: पाँच (pāca)
      • Malay: panca (panca-) / panchă (panchă-) / ڤنچا (ڤنچا-)
        • Indonesian: panca
      • Punjabi: ਪੰਜ (pañj)
      • Sindhi: پَنجَ (panja)
      • Sinhalese: පහ (paha)
      • Urdu: پانچ (pāñć)
  • Iranian:
    • Avestan: 𐬞𐬀𐬧𐬗𐬀 (paṇča)
    • Sogdian: panč
    • Khwarezmian: pnc
    • Balochi: panč
    • Kurdish: pênc
    • Zazaki: panc
    • Ossetian: фондз (fondz)
    • Pashto: پنځه (pindzə)
    • Parachi: pōnč
    • Parthian: panǰ
    • Middle Persian: panz
      • Persian: پنج (panj)
        • Tajik панҷ (panç)
    • Shughni: пӣнҙ (pīnj)
    • Yaghnobi: панч (panč)
  • Nuristani:
    • Kamviri: puč
• Italic:
  • Latin: quinque
    • Catalan: cinc
    • Corsican: cinqui
    • French: cinq
    • Galician: cinco
    • Italian: cinque
    • Occitan: cinc
    • Portuguese: cinco
    • Romanian: cinci
    • Spanish: cinco
  • Oscan: pompe
  • Umbrian: 𐌐𐌖𐌌𐌐𐌄 pumpe
• Phrygian: pinke
• Slavic: *pętь
• Tocharian:
  • Tocharian A: päñ
  • Tocharian B: piś

References

• Blažek, Václav. 1999. Numerals. Comparative-Etymological Analysis and their Implications. Brno: Masarykova Univerzita v Brně