Appendix:Proto-Indo-European/kʷis

Proto-Indo-European

This entry deals with Proto-Indo-European reconstructed forms, forms that are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Pronoun

*kʷis, *kʷos m., *kʷih₂, *kʷeh₂ f., *kʷid, *kʷod n.

1. what, that, which (interrogative/indefinite pronoun)

Declension

Pronominal declension	Singular			Plural
	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	*kʷis	*kʷih₂	*kʷid	*kʷeyes	*kʷeyes	*kʷih₂
Accusative	*kʷim	*kʷih₂m̥	*kʷid	*kʷims	*kʷims	*kʷih₂
Dative	*kʷesmey	*kʷesmey	*kʷesmey	*kʷeybh-	*kʷeybh-	*kʷeybh-
Genitive	*kʷesyo	*kʷesyo	*kʷesyo	*kʷeysom	*kʷeysom	*kʷeysom
Locative	*kʷesmi	*kʷesmi(i)	*kʷesmi	*kʷeysu	*kʷeysu	*kʷeysu

Adjectival declension	Singular			Plural
	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	*kʷos	*kʷeh₂	*kʷod	*kʷoy	*kʷeh₂(e)s	*kʷeh₂
Accusative	*kʷom	*kʷeh₂m	*kʷod	*kʷoms	*kʷeh₂ms	*kʷeh₂
Dative	*kʷosmey	*kʷosmey	*kʷosmey	?	?	?
Genitive	*kʷosyo	*kʷosyo	*kʷosyo	?	?	?

Descendants

• Armenian:
  • Old Armenian: ի- (i-), իր (ir), ո (o), ով (ov), որ (or)
    • Armenian: իր (ir), ով (ov), որ (or)
• Celtic:
  • Old Irish: cía, cid
  • Welsh: pwy
• Germanic:
  • English: who, what, why, which, where, how
  • German: wo, was, wie, wer
  • Swedish: vem, vad, var
• Greek: ποίον, ποιο, πού, ποιος, πως, τι
• Indo-Aryan:
  • Iranian
    • Kurdish: kî (ku) ("who"), kê (ku) ("whom"), çi (ku) ("what"), kîj (ku) ("which")
    • Persian: که, چه, چی
• Italic:
  • Latin: quī, quae, quod
  • Latin: quis, quid
    • Catalan: qui
    • French: que, qui, quoi
    • Italian: che, chi
    • Portuguese: que, quem
    • Romanian: că, ce, cine, cui
    • Spanish: que, quien, cuyo
• Slavic:
  • East Slavic:
    • Russian: кто (kto), чей (čej), что (što)
  • South Slavic:
    • Bulgarian: че
    • Serbo-Croatian:

    Cyrillic: што, шта, ко, тко

    Roman: što, šta, ko, tko

  • West Slavic:
    • Czech: co
    • Polish: co, kto, czyj
    • Slovak: čo, kto
    • Lower Sorbian: co, chto, ceji
    • Upper Sorbian: što, čo, štó, čeji