Appendix:Proto-Semitic/ʾil-

This entry contains Proto-Semitic reconstructed words and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Semitic

Wikipedia

Wikipedia

Noun

Common Semitic *ʾil-, extended form *ʾilāh- in Central South Semitic only

1. deity, god

Descendants

• Akkadian: 𒀭 (ilu)
• Assyrian: (ilu)
• Ammonite: 𐤀𐤋𐤌 (ʾlm) pl
• Arabic: إلٰهٌ (’ilāh)
• Aramaic:

  Syriac: ܐܠܗܐ (’alāhā’)

  Hebrew: אלהא (’alāhā’)

• Hebrew: אֵל (el), אֱלוֹהַּ (eloah), אֱלֹהִים (elohim)
• Old South Arabic: 𐩱𐩡 (ʾl)
• Phoenician: 𐤀𐤋𐤌 (ʾlm) pl el-, il-(uh)- given plural form;
• Ugaritic: 𐎛𐎍 (ỉl)

Onomastics

From Common Semitic *ʾil-:

1. • Abiel < Hebrew אביאל (Avi’el), עלבון-אבי (‘Avi-‘alvon‘) "God is my father"
   • Azazel
   • Azrael < Azra'il "whom God helps"
   • bethel, Bethel < Hebrew ביתאל (Bet ‘El), בתאל (Bet ‘El) "house of God"
   • Daniel < Ancient Greek Δανιήλ (Daniēl), from Hebrew דניּאל (daniyél, “God is my judge”) < דון (“to judge”) + אֵל (el, “God”)
   • Ezekiel < Hebrew יְחֶזְקֵאל (Yḥezq’el) "God strengthens"
   • Gabriel < Hebrew גבריאל (Gavri’el, “man of God”), from גֶּבֶר (géver, “man”) and אֵל (el, “God”)
   • Israel < Hebrew Yisra'el "God persists"
   • Michael < Hebrew מיכאל (Mikha’el, “who is like God?”)
   • Nathanael, Nethanel < Hebrew Nitan’el "Gift of god"
   • Raphael < Hebrew Rifa’el "God heals"
   • Samuel < Hebrew שְׁמוּאֵל (Shmu’el, “Name of God”)
   • schlemiel
   • Elijah < Hebrew Eliya, Eliyahu "God is Yahweh"
   • Elisha < Hebrew Elish'a "God is salvation"
   • Elizabeth
   • Ishmael < Hebrew ישמעאל (Yisma’el) "God hears"
   • Lazarus
2. • Babylon
   • Babel
   • Enlil

From Central South Semitic extended form *ʾilāh-:

1. • Allah < Arabic الله (allāh, “Allah”) < -ال (al-, “the”) + إِله (’ilāh, “god”)
   • ayatollah
   • Elohim
   • Bahaullah
   • olé