Reconstruction:Proto-Sino-Tibetan/duk ~ tuk

This Proto-Sino-Tibetan entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Sino-Tibetan

Etymology

• Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *dəkw (Coblin, 1986)
  • Proto-Tibeto-Burman: *duk ⪤ *tuk (Matisoff, STEDT; Benedict, 1972; Chou, 1972)

Root

*duk ~ tuk

1. poison; poisonous, toxic; to poison

Descendants

• Old Chinese: 毒 /*dˤuk/ (“poison”), /*m-dˤuk-s/ (“to poison”) (B-S); /*duːɡ/ (PW)
  • Middle Chinese: 毒 /duok/

**:

→ Japanese: 毒 (どく, ​doku)
Korean: 독 (毒, dok)
Vietnamese: độc (毒)

• • → Vietnamese: nọc (“venom, poison”) (?)

    • Mandarin:
      • Beijing: 毒 (dú) /tu³⁵/
    • Cantonese:
      • Guangzhou-Hong Kong: 毒 (duk⁶) /tʊk̚²/
    • Wu:
      • Shanghainese: 毒 (⁸doq) /d̻ʊ̆ʔ¹²/
  • Min:
    • Coastal Min:
      • Min Nan:
        • Hokkien:
          • Taiwan: 毒 /tʰaʊ³³/ (colloquial) (“to poison”), /tok̚⁵/ (literary) (“toxin, toxic”)
• Himalayish
  • Tibeto-Kanauri
    • Bodic
      • Tibetan
        • Written Tibetan: དུག (dug, “poison, toxin”), གདུག (gdug) / གདུག་པ (gdug pa, “vicious, evil, harmful, poisonous”)
          • Modern Tibetan (Lhasa): /tʰuʔ˩˧˨/ ("poison")
    • Lepcha: ᰌᰨᰭ (dok, “ill”) (?)
• Tangut-Qiang
  • Northern Tangut
    • Tangut: 𗀀 (*do¹, “poison”)
  • rGyalrongic
    • Tshobdun: təɣʔ
• Lolo-Burmese-Naxi
  • Lolo-Burmese

    /*ʔdok/ (Matisoff, 1972)

    • Burmish
      • Burmese: တောက် (tauk, “to suffer from toxicity, to be ill; to be poisonous”)
    • Loloish

      Proto-Loloish: *dokᴸ (Bradley, 1979)

      • Northern Loloish
        • Yi (Liangshan): ꅋ (ddut, “poison; to be poisoned”)
• Sal
  • Kachin-Luic
    • Jingphoic
      • Jingpho: tuk, ntuk, ningtuk