Reconstruction:Proto-Sino-Tibetan/s-ni(ː)ŋ ~ s-nik

This Proto-Sino-Tibetan entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Sino-Tibetan

Etymology

• Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *s-niːŋ (Chou, 1972); *ning (Coblin, 1986)
  • Proto-Tibeto-Burman: *s-ni(ː)ŋ ⪤ *s-nik (Matisoff, STEDT); *niŋ (Benedict, 1972; Chou, 1972); *s-niŋ (Weidert, 1987; LaPolla, 1987)

Noun

*s-ni(ː)ŋ ~ s-nik

1. year
2. harvest

Descendants

• Old Chinese: 年 (*C.nˁiŋ (B-S), *niːŋ (ZS), “year; ripening; harvest; age”)
  • Middle Chinese: 年 (nián) /nen/
    • Modern Mandarin
      • Beijing: 年 (nián) (nián, /ni̯ɛn³⁵/)
    • Cantonese
      • Guangzhou: 年 (nián) /niːn²¹/
    • Wu
      • Shanghai: 年 (ȵi²³)
  • Min
    • Min Nan
      • Taiwan: 年 (nián) /ni²⁴/ (colloquial), /li̯an²⁴/ (literary)
• Himalayish
  • Tibeto-Kanauri
    • Bodic
      • Tibetan
        • Written Tibetan: ནིང (ning, “year”) (> ན་ནིང (na ning, “last year”))
• Nungish:
  • Trung/Drung/Dulong: ning
• Proto-Karen: *ˀneŋᴮ (Luangthongkum, 2013)
  • S'gaw Karen: နံၣ် (neè)
  • Pa'o Karen: နေင်ႏ
  • Western Pwo: နံၪ့
• Lolo-Burmese-Naxi
  • Lolo-Burmese
    • Burmish
      • Burmese: နှစ် (hnac, “year”) (> အနှစ် (a.hnac, “year”))
• Proto-Kuki-Chin:
  • Khomic
    • Khumi Chin: säni

See also

• Proto-Mon-Khmer: *cn₁a(ː)m (“year”) (Khmer ឆ្នាំ (cnam), Mon သၞာံ (hnam), Vietnamese năm) - cognate with Old Chinese 稔 (rěn) (/*njɯːm/ (ZS), "ripening, year").
• Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *s-(g)la (“moon, month”)