Appendix:Tahitian Swadesh list
This is an Swadesh list of words in English and Tahitian.
Contents |
Presentation [edit]
At the end of the 1940s, new insights of radiocarbon dating became known to the public. Linguist Morris Swadesh believed that words decayed with age in a roughly similar way and therefore applied similar methods to determine the relationship of languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.
- For further information, including the full final version, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.
List [edit]
| No. | English | Tahitian reo tahiti |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | I | au, vau |
| 2 | you (singular) | 'oe |
| 3 | he | 'oia, 'ōna |
| 4 | we | tātou (inclusive), mātou (exclusive) |
| 5 | you (plural) | 'outou |
| 6 | they | rātou |
| 7 | this | teie |
| 8 | that | terā |
| 9 | here | iho nei |
| 10 | there | iho na |
| 11 | who | vai (interrogative) |
| 12 | what | aha (interrogative) |
| 13 | where | teihea (no movement, interrogative) |
| 14 | when | ahea (interrogative) |
| 15 | how | nāhea (interrogative) |
| 16 | not | 'eiaha |
| 17 | all | ana'e |
| 18 | many | rahi |
| 19 | some | nau, tau |
| 20 | few | ma'a |
| 21 | other | 'ē |
| 22 | one | hō'ē |
| 23 | two | piti |
| 24 | three | toru |
| 25 | four | maha |
| 26 | five | pae |
| 27 | big | rahi |
| 28 | long | roa |
| 29 | wide | 'ā'ano |
| 30 | thick | me'ume'u |
| 31 | heavy | teiaha, taimaha |
| 32 | small | iti |
| 33 | short | poto |
| 34 | narrow | oaoa |
| 35 | thin | rairai |
| 36 | woman | vahine |
| 37 | man (adult male) | tāne |
| 38 | man (human being) | ta'ata |
| 39 | child | tamari'i |
| 40 | wife | vahine fa'aipoipo |
| 41 | husband | tane fa'aipoipo |
| 42 | mother | metua vahine |
| 43 | father | metua tane |
| 44 | animal | manu, 'ānimara |
| 45 | fish | i'a |
| 46 | bird | manu |
| 47 | dog | 'ūrī |
| 48 | louse | 'utu |
| 49 | snake | 'ōfī |
| 50 | worm | to'e, tu'a |
| 51 | tree | rā'au |
| 52 | forest | aru |
| 53 | stick | rā'au, mauha'a |
| 54 | fruit | mā'a |
| 55 | seed | huero |
| 56 | leaf | rao'ere |
| 57 | root | a'a |
| 58 | bark (of a tree) | pa'a, 'iri |
| 59 | flower | tiare, pua |
| 60 | grass | matie, 'aihere |
| 61 | rope | taura |
| 62 | skin | 'iri |
| 63 | meat | ina'i |
| 64 | blood | toto |
| 65 | bone | ivi |
| 66 | fat (noun) | hinu |
| 67 | egg | huero |
| 68 | horn | tara |
| 69 | tail | 'aero, hi'u |
| 70 | feather | huruhuru, hetehete |
| 71 | hair | rouru |
| 72 | head | upo'o |
| 73 | ear | tari'a |
| 74 | eye | mata |
| 75 | nose | ihu |
| 76 | mouth | vaha |
| 77 | tooth | niho |
| 78 | tongue (organ) | arero |
| 79 | fingernail | mai'u'u |
| 80 | foot | 'āvae |
| 81 | leg | 'āvae |
| 82 | knee | turi |
| 83 | hand | rima |
| 84 | wing | pererau |
| 85 | belly | 'ōpū |
| 86 | guts | 'ā'au |
| 87 | neck | 'a'ī |
| 88 | back | tua |
| 89 | breast | 'ōuma |
| 90 | heart | māfatu |
| 91 | liver | 'ūpa'a |
| 92 | to drink | inu |
| 93 | to eat | 'amu |
| 94 | to bite | hōhoni |
| 95 | to suck | 'ote |
| 96 | to spit | tuha |
| 97 | to vomit | piha'e |
| 98 | to blow | pūhi, farara (wind) |
| 99 | to breathe | huti i te aho |
| 100 | to laugh | 'ata |
| 101 | to see | hi'o |
| 102 | to hear | fa'aro'o |
| 103 | to know | 'ite |
| 104 | to think | mana'o |
| 105 | to smell | hau'a |
| 106 | to fear | taiā, mata'u |
| 107 | to sleep | taoto |
| 108 | to live | ora |
| 109 | to die | pohe, mate |
| 110 | to kill | taparahi-pohe-roa, ha'apohe; tūpa'i (an animal) |
| 111 | to fight | taputō |
| 112 | to hunt | a'ua'u pua'a |
| 113 | to hit | taparahi |
| 114 | to cut | tāpū |
| 115 | to split | tuha, vāhi |
| 116 | to stab | patia |
| 117 | to scratch | pāra'u |
| 118 | to dig | pao, tūpā, 'ō |
| 119 | to swim | 'au |
| 120 | to fly | ma'ue |
| 121 | to walk | haere |
| 122 | to come | haere mai |
| 123 | to lie (as in a bed) | tārava (state) |
| 124 | to sit | pārahi (action, state) |
| 125 | to stand | 'oti'ati'a (action) |
| 126 | to turn (intransitive) | tīoi |
| 127 | to fall | topa |
| 128 | to give | hōro'a |
| 129 | to hold | mau |
| 130 | to squeeze | tāmau |
| 131 | to rub | 'ū'ui, 'ui'ui |
| 132 | to wash | horoi |
| 133 | to wipe | horoi |
| 134 | to pull | 'ume |
| 135 | to push | tura'i |
| 136 | to throw | tāora |
| 137 | to tie | ruru, nati |
| 138 | to sew | au, nira |
| 139 | to count | nūmera |
| 140 | to say | 'ī |
| 141 | to sing | pehe, hīmene |
| 142 | to play | ha'uti |
| 143 | to float | |
| 144 | to flow | tahe |
| 145 | to freeze | faato'to'e roa |
| 146 | to swell | 'oru |
| 147 | sun | mahāna |
| 148 | moon | 'āva'e, marama |
| 149 | star | feti'a |
| 150 | water | vai |
| 151 | rain | ua |
| 152 | river | 'ānāvai, tahora |
| 153 | lake | roto |
| 154 | sea | miti |
| 155 | salt | miti |
| 156 | stone | 'ōfa'i |
| 157 | sand | one |
| 158 | dust | repo, one |
| 159 | earth | fenua |
| 160 | cloud | ata |
| 161 | fog | rūpehu |
| 162 | sky | ra'i |
| 163 | wind | mata'i |
| 164 | snow | hiona |
| 165 | ice | pape to'eto'e |
| 166 | smoke | auauahi |
| 167 | fire | auahi |
| 168 | ash | rehu auahi |
| 169 | to burn | 'ama |
| 170 | road | e'a tia, purumu |
| 171 | mountain | mou'a |
| 172 | red | 'ura |
| 173 | green | matie |
| 174 | yellow | re'are'a |
| 175 | white | 'uo'uo |
| 176 | black | 'ere'ere |
| 177 | night | ru'i, pō |
| 178 | day | mahana |
| 179 | year | matahiti |
| 180 | warm | māhanahana |
| 181 | cold | to'eto'e |
| 182 | full | api(a room), 'ī(belly) |
| 183 | new | 'āpī |
| 184 | old | tahito |
| 185 | good | maita'i |
| 186 | bad | 'ino |
| 187 | rotten | pē |
| 188 | dirty | repo |
| 189 | straight | 'āfaro, ti'a |
| 190 | round | menemene |
| 191 | sharp (as a knife) | 'ina |
| 192 | dull (as a knife) | tūmū, mania |
| 193 | smooth | mānina |
| 194 | wet | rari |
| 195 | dry | marō |
| 196 | correct | ti'a |
| 197 | near | fatata |
| 198 | far | ātea |
| 199 | right | 'atau |
| 200 | left | 'aui |
| 201 | at | i |
| 202 | in | i roto, i |
| 203 | with | ma |
| 204 | and | e, ma |
| 205 | if | 'āhiri |
| 206 | because | nō te mea |
| 207 | name | i'oa |
- Orthography :
The orthography used in the list is the one recommended by the Tahitian Academy.
See also [edit]
Bibliography [edit]
- Les langages de l'humanité (Michel Malherbe), Robert Laffont, Paris 1995 - ISBN 2-221-05947-6
External links [edit]
- Tahitian dictionaries (Lexilogos)
- Lexique du tahitien contemporain : tahitien-français, français-tahitien (Yves Lemaître)
- Tahitian Academy (Fare Vāna'a)