Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hrewwaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Alternative forms

• *hrewaną

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *krew-, *krow-, *krows- (“to fall, beat, break, bruise”). Cognate with Lithuanian krùšti (“to smash, crash, bruise”), Russian круши́ть (krušítʹ, “to destroy”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈxrew.wɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*hrewwaną

1. to grieve, to feel sorrow
2. to cause regret, to rue

Inflection

Conjugation of *hrewwaną (strong class 2)

	active voice			passive voice
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*hrewwō	*hrewwaų	—	*hrewwai	?
2nd singular	*hriwwizi	*hrewwaiz	*hreww	*hrewwazai	*hrewwaizau
3rd singular	*hriwwidi	*hrewwai	*hrewwadau	*hrewwadai	*hrewwaidau
1st dual	*hrewwōz	*hrewwaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*hrewwadiz	*hrewwaidiz	*hrewwadiz	—	—
1st plural	*hrewwamaz	*hrewwaim	—	*hrewwandai	*hrewwaindau
2nd plural	*hriwwid	*hrewwaid	*hriwwid	*hrewwandai	*hrewwaindau
3rd plural	*hrewwandi	*hrewwain	*hrewwandau	*hrewwandai	*hrewwaindau
past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*hrau(w)	*hruwį̄
2nd singular	*hrau(w)t	*hruwīz
3rd singular	*hrau(w)	*hruwī
1st dual	*hruwū	*hruwīw
2nd dual	*hruwudiz	*hruwīdiz
1st plural	*hruwum	*hruwīm
2nd plural	*hruwud	*hruwīd
3rd plural	*hruwun	*hruwīn
	present	past
participles	*hrewwandz	*hruwanaz

Related terms

• *hriwwiz
• *hrewwō
• *hrewwōną
• *hriwwijaną

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *hreuwan
  • Old English: hrēowan
    • Middle English: rewen, reowen, ruwen, ruen, reouwen, rowen, reowe, riewe, rewe
      • English: rue
      • Scots: rew
  • Old Frisian: *hriōwa, *hriuwa, *riouwa
    • West Frisian: rouwe
  • Old Saxon: hriuwan, hreuwan
    • Middle Low German: ruwen, rouwen
      • Low German: ruwen, rouwen, ruen
  • Old Dutch: *riuwan
    • Middle Dutch: rouwen
      • Dutch: rouwen
      • Limburgish: roewe
  • Old High German: hriuwan, riuwan
    • Middle High German: riuwen
      • Alemannic German: rüüwe
      • German: reuen
• Old Norse: hryggva, (younger hryggja)
  • Icelandic: hryggja
  • Faroese: ryggja
  • Norwegian Nynorsk: ryggja