Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/dʰéǵʰōm
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This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Indo-European[edit]
Etymology[edit]
However, Kloekhorst argues that the Sanskrit and Anatolian evidence point towards a reconstruction of the root *dʰeǵ- as opposed to *dʰeǵʰ- on the basis that:
- In the Sanskrit oblique stem jm-, -j- must reflect *ǵ-, and cannot reflect *ǵʰ-, which would regularly give -h- in all positions.
- The long vowel in the Hittite nom. sg. [tēkan] suggests a "voiced unaspirated" (pre-glottalised) velar. See Kloekhorst (2012).
- The *ǵʰ- reconstructable from Latin, Germanic and Greek can be explained in the glottalic theory as a simplification of the cluster *dʰǵ /dˀɡ/ to *dʰǵʰ /dɡ/. The opposite development is much less likely.
It should be noted, however, that the glottalic theory is not generally accepted.
A phonetically difficult but possible connection is with *(s)teǵ- (“to cover”), with devoicing of *dʰ to *t via Siebs' law.[1]
Noun[edit]
*dʰéǵʰōm f[2]
Inflection[edit]
According to Ringe:
| Athematic, amphikinetic | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| singular | |||
| nominative | *dʰéǵʰōm | ||
| genitive | *ǵʰmés | ||
| singular | dual | plural | |
| nominative | *dʰéǵʰōm | — | — |
| vocative | *dʰéǵʰom | — | — |
| accusative | *dʰéǵʰōm | — | — |
| genitive | *ǵʰmés | — | — |
| ablative | *ǵʰmés | — | — |
| dative | *ǵʰméy | — | — |
| locative | *ǵʰém, *ǵʰémi | — | — |
| instrumental | *ǵʰméh₁ | — | — |
Notes:
- Nom. from **dʰéǵʰoms
- Acc. from **dʰéǵʰomm̥
The Hittite evidence suggests a regular hysterokinetic inflection; Kloekhorst reconstructs the original paradigm as:
- Nom. sg. *dʰéǵ-m-
- Acc. sg. *dʰǵ-ém-m
- Gen. sg. *dʰǵ-m-és
Synonyms[edit]
Derived terms[edit]
- *dʰǵʰοm-o-[3]
- *dʰǵʰem-elo-
- *dʰǵʰοm-yo-
- *(dʰ)ǵʰm̥(m)-ṓ (“earthling, human”)
- *dʰǵʰ(é)m-er
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰžʰ(á)mar
Descendants[edit]
- Proto-Albanian: *dzō < *dʰgʰōm (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Anatolian: *déǵm̥
- Armenian:
- Old Armenian: ցամաք (cʿamakʿ, “dry; dry land”) (possibly)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *źémē, *źémijā < (accusative) *ǵʰem-m̥ (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Slavic: *zemľa < *ǵʰðʰem-
- Proto-Celtic: *gdū < *gdō, *gdon- (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic: *kʰtʰṓn
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́ʰžʰáHs < *dʰǵʰḿ̥h₂s
- Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ḍẓʰáHs
- Proto-Iranian: *jáHs
- Eastern Iranian:
- Northeastern Iranian:
- Southeastern Iranian:
- Northwestern Iranian: *jáHs-īkah
- Baluchi: زمین (zamín), زمیگ (zamíg)
- Kurdish:/zavī ~ zawī/
- Proto-Medo-Parthian:
- Southwestern Iranian: > *jáHs-īkah
- Middle Persian: (/damīg/)
- Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (dmyk')
- Classical Persian: دمیک (damīk)
- Middle Persian: (/damīg/)
- Proto-Tocharian: *tken (see there for further descendants)
References[edit]
- ^ Kortlandt, Frederik (2014) “Proto-Indo-European “thorn”-clusters”, in Historische Sprachforschung / Historical Linguistics[1], volume 127, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, →JSTOR
- ^ Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)[2], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
- ^ Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, § 45.1
- ^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 156
Further reading[edit]
- Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008) Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 859f
- Martirosyan, Hrach (2010) “c‘amak‘”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden and Boston: Brill, pages 621–623