Reconstruction:Proto-Semitic/ʔakal-

This Proto-Semitic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Semitic

Verb

*ʔakal-

1. to eat

Conjugation

Conjugation of Proto-Semitic/ʔakal- (paʕala)

verbal noun					*ʔakl-
active participle					*ʔākil-
passive participle					*ʔakīl-, *ʔakūl-
		singular				dual				plural
		1st person	2nd person	3rd person		1st person	2nd person	3rd person		1st person	2nd person	3rd person
perfect	m	*ʔakalku	*ʔakalka	*ʔakala		*ʔakalkayā	*ʔakalkā	*ʔakalā		*ʔakalna	*ʔakalkanu	*ʔakalū
	f		*ʔakalki	*ʔakalat				*ʔakalatā			*ʔakalkina	*ʔakalā
imperfect	m	*ʔākul	*taʔkul	*yiʔkul		*taʔkulā	*yaʔkulā	*niʔkul		*taʔkulū	*yiʔkulū
	f		*taʔkulī	*taʔkul			*taʔkulā			*taʔkulā	*yiʔkulā
imperative	m		*ʔakul			*ʔakulā				*ʔakulū
	f		*ʔakulī							*ʔakulā

Descendants

• East Semitic:
  • Akkadian: 𒅥 (akālum)
• West Semitic:
  • Central Semitic:
    • Arabic: أَكَلَ (ʔakala)
      • Egyptian Arabic: أكل (ʔakal)
      • Gulf Arabic: كلى (kila, kala), كَلَا (kila, kala)
      • Maltese: kiel
      • Moroccan Arabic: كال (kāl), كلى (klā)
      • South Levantine Arabic: أكل (ʔakal)
    • Northwest Semitic:
      • Aramaic: אֲכַל (ʾăḵal)
        • Classical Syriac: ܐܶܟܰܠ (ʾeḵal)
      • Canaanite:
        • Hebrew: אָכַל (akhál, ʾāḵal)
        • Phoenician: 𐤀𐤊𐤋 (ʾkl)
      • Ugaritic: 𐎀𐎋𐎍 (ảkl /⁠ʾakala⁠/)

Noun

*ʔakal- m

1. food

Declension

Declension of *ʔakal-

Case	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	*ʔakalum	*ʔakalāna	plural stem + *-ūna
Genitive	*ʔakalim	*ʔakalayna	plural stem + *-īna
Accusative	*ʔakalam
possessive forms
1st person	*ʔakalī / *ʔakalVya	—	*ʔakalVni
2nd person m	*ʔakalVka	*ʔakalVkumā / *ʔakalVkumay	*ʔakalVkum(ū)
2nd person f	*ʔakalVki		*ʔakalVkin(ā)
3rd person m	*ʔakalVšu	*ʔakalVšumā / *ʔakalVšumay	*ʔakalVšum(ū)
3rd person f	*ʔakalVša		*ʔakalVšin(ā)
Note: the endings -m and -na are dropped in the bound form, which may also undergo syncopation of an unstressed final vowel where possible. Note: the ending -V before the possessive endings responds to case: *ʔakaluya for nom. case, *ʔakaliya for gen. case, *ʔakalaya for acc. case, etc. Declension of 2sg m. possessive form (your/thy m.) *ʔakal- Singular Dual Plural Nominative *ʔakaluka *ʔakalāka plural stem + *-ūka Genitive *ʔakalika *ʔakalayka plural stem + *-īka Accusative *ʔakalaka Declension of 2sg f. possessive form (your/thy f.) *ʔakal- Singular Dual Plural Nominative *ʔakaluki *ʔakalāki plural stem + *-ūki Genitive *ʔakaliki *ʔakalayki plural stem + *-īki Accusative *ʔakalaki

Descendants

• East Semitic:
  • Akkadian: 𒃻 (akalum)
• West Semitic:
  • Central Semitic:
    • Arabic: أَكْل (ʔakl), أُكُل (ʔukul)
    • Northwest Semitic:
      • Aramaic: אוּכלָא (ʾuḵlā)
        • Classical Syriac: ܐܽܘܟܠܳܐ (ʾuḵlā)
      • Canaanite:
        • Hebrew: אֹכֶל (ókhel, ʾṓḵel)
      • Ugaritic: 𐎀𐎋𐎍 (ảkl)
    • Old South Arabian:
      • Minaean: 𐩱𐩫𐩡 (ʾkl, “food”)
      • Sabaean: 𐩱𐩫𐩡 (ʾkl, “grain”)
  • Ethiopian Semitic:
    • Amharic: እህል (ʾəhəl, “grain”)
    • Ge'ez: እክል (ʾəkl, “food, grain”)
    • Harari: እኺ (ʾəxi)
    • Tigre: እክል (ʾəkəl, “grain”)
    • Tigrinya: እኽሊ (ʾəxli, “grain”)