Wiktionary http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Wiktionary:Main_Page MediaWiki 1.16alpha case-sensitive Media Special Talk User User talk Wiktionary Wiktionary talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk Appendix Appendix talk Concordance Concordance talk Index Index talk Rhymes Rhymes talk Transwiki Transwiki talk Wikisaurus Wikisaurus talk WT WT talk Citations Citations talk 1810 6911808 2009-06-30T23:36:08Z Qorilla 148132 clarify {{wikipedia}} {{also|Appendix:Variations of "be"}} ==English== {{rank|had|you|not|19|be|at|by|on}} ===Pronunciation=== * {{a|UK}} {{IPA|/biː/}}, {{SAMPA|/bi:/}} * {{a|US}} {{IPA|/bi/}}, {{SAMPA|/bi/}} * {{audio|en-us-be.ogg|Audio (US)}} *: {{rhymes|iː}} * {{homophones|bee}} ===Etymology 1=== Originated before 900 from {{etyl|enm}} {{term|been|lang=enm}} < {{etyl|ang}} {{term|beon|lang=ang}}, from {{term|beo|lang=ang}} + {{term|-n|lang=ang}}, infinitive suffix. Irregular forms inherited from the {{etyl|ang}} compound verb {{term|beon-wesan|bēon-wesan|lang=ang}}. ====Verb==== {{infl|en|verb|[[#Inflection|highly irregular]]}} # {{intransitive}} To [[occupy]] a [[place]]. #: ''The cup '''is''' on the table.'' # {{intransitive}} To [[occur]], to take place. #: ''When will the meeting '''be'''?'' # {{intransitive|without [[predicate]]}} To [[exist]]. # {{intransitive|without predicate}} [[elliptical]] form of for "be here", "go to and return from" or similar. #: ''The postman has '''been''' today, but my tickets have still not yet come.'' #: ''I have '''been''' to Spain many times.'' # {{transitive|copulative}} Used to indicate that the subject and object are the same. #: ''Ignorance '''is''' bliss.'' # {{transitive|copulative|mathematics}} Used to indicate that the values on either side of an equation are the same. #: ''3 times 5 '''is''' fifteen.'' # {{transitive|copulative}} Used to indicate that the subject plays the role of the predicate nominal. #: ''François Mitterrand '''was''' president of France from 1981 to 1995.'' # {{transitive|copulative}} Used to connect a noun to an adjective that describes it. #: ''The sky '''is''' blue.'' # {{transitive|copulative}} Used to indicate that the subject has the qualities described by a noun or noun phrase. #: ''The sky '''is''' a deep blue today.'' # {{context|transitive|auxiliary}} Used to form the [[passive voice]]. #: ''The dog '''was''' drowned by the boy.'' # {{context|transitive|auxiliary}} Used to form the continuous forms of various tenses. #: ''The woman '''is''' walking.'' #: ''I shall '''be''' writing to you soon.'' #: ''We liked to chat while we '''were''' eating.'' # {{archaic}} Used to form the perfect aspect with certain intransitive verbs. Often still used for ''to [[go]]'' #: ''They '''are''' not yet come back.'' ([[wikisource:The_Tragedy_of_Macbeth/Act_I#SCENE_IV._Forres._The_palace.|Macbeth]] by [[w:William Shakespeare|William Shakespeare]]) (instead of ''They '''have''' not yet come back.'') #* '''1850''', [[w:Dante Gabriel Rossetti|Dante Gabriel Rossetti]], ''The Blessed Damozel'', lines 67-68 #*: ‘I wish that he '''were''' come to me, #*: For he will come,’ she said. #* '''1922''', [[w:A. E. Housman|A. E. Housman]], [[w:Last Poems|Last Poems]] XXV, line 13 #*: ''The King with half the East at heel '''is marched''' from lands of morning;'' #: ''He is gone''. # {{context|transitive|auxiliary}} Used to form future tenses, especially the future subjunctive. #: ''I '''am''' to leave tomorrow.'' #: ''I would drive you, '''were I''' to obtain a car.'' # Used to indicate [[age]]. #: ''This building '''is''' three hundred years old.'' #: ''He looks twelve, but '''is''' actually thirteen, and will turn fourteen next week.'' # Used to indicate [[height]]. #: ''He '''was''' five-eight.'' # Used to indicate [[time]] of [[day]], day of the [[week]], or [[date]]. #: ''It'''’s''' almost eight.'' #: ''Today '''is''' the second, so I guess next Tuesday must '''be''' the tenth.'' # With ''[[since]]'', used to indicate passage of [[time]] since the occurrence of an [[event]]. #: ''It '''has been''' three years since my grandmother died.'' (similar to ''My grandmother died three years ago,'' but emphasizes the intervening period) #: ''It '''had been''' six days since his departure, when I received a letter from him.'' # {{often|impersonal}} Used to indicate [[weather]], [[air]] [[quality]], or the like. #: ''It'''’s''' hot in Arizona, but it'''’s''' not usually humid.'' #: ''Why '''is''' it so dark in here?'' # {{rfv-sense}} Used to indicate temperature. #: ''It'''’s''' in the eighties outside, and next week it’s expected to '''be''' in the nineties!'' (Fahrenheit degrees) =====Inflection===== {| class="prettytable" |- ! Infinitive | to be |- ! Imperative | be |- ! Present participle | [[being]] |- ! Past participle | [[been]] |} {| class="prettytable" |- ! ! Present indicative ! Past indicative ! Present subjunctive ! Past subjunctive |- ! First-person singular | [[am]] | [[was]] | be | [[were]] |- ! Second-person singular <!--note that "art", "wast" and "wert" are archaic, not obsolete, as they are still found in texts such as the Bible and are still well known--> | [[are]], [[art]] (''archaic'') | [[were]], [[wast]] (''archaic'') | be, [[beest]] (''obsolete'') | [[were]], [[wert]] (''archaic'') |- ! Third-person singular | [[is]] | [[was]] | be | [[were]] |- ! First-person plural | [[are]] | [[were]] | be | [[were]] |- ! Second-person plural | [[are]] | [[were]] | be | [[were]] |- ! Third-person plural | [[are]] | [[were]] | be | [[were]] |} =====Translations===== '''Warning!''' ''This verb is fraught with irregularities of both form and usage in many languages. Use translations with caution.'' {{trans-top|occupy a place}} * {{trreq|Afrikaans}} * Arabic: {{Arab|[[كان]]}} (kāna) * Armenian: [[լինել]] (linel) * Bosnian: {{t-|bs|biti}} * [[Breton]]: {{t+|br|bezañ|xs=Breton}} * {{trreq|Bulgarian}} * {{trreq|Catalan}} * Chinese: [[在]] (zài) * Croatian: {{t+|hr|biti}}; {{t|hr|nalaziti se}} ''(refl.)'' * Czech: {{t+|cs|být}} * Danish: {{t+|da|være}} * Dutch: {{t+|nl|zijn}}, {{t+|nl|staan}}, {{t+|nl|zitten}}, {{t+|nl|liggen}} * Esperanto: {{t+|eo|esti|xs=Esperanto}} * Estonian: {{t-|et|olema}} * Finnish: {{t+|fi|olla}} * French: {{t+|fr|être}} * German: {{t+|de|sein}} * Greek: {{t+|el|είμαι|sc=Grek}} (eímai) * {{trreq|Hindi}} * Hungarian: {{t+|hu|lenni}} * Icelandic: {{t+|is|vara}} * {{trreq|Ido}} * {{trreq|Indonesian}} * {{trreq|Interlingua}} * {{trreq|Interlingue}} * Irish: {{t-|ga|bí|xs=Irish}} * Italian: {{t+|it|essere}} * Japanese: {{t+|ja|有る|tr=[[ある]], aru|sc=Jpan}}, {{t|ja|在る|tr=[[ある]], aru|sc=Jpan}} {{qualifier|for non-creatures}}, {{t+|ja|居る|tr=[[いる]], iru|sc=Jpan}} {{qualifier|for creatures}} {{trans-mid}} * {{trreq|Javanese}} * {{trreq|Kannada}} * Korean: {{ko-inline|있다|itda}} * Lao: {{t-|lo|ຢູ່|tr=juu|sc=Laoo|xs=Lao}} * Latvian: {{t-|lv|būt|xs=Latvian}} * Lithuanian: {{t+|lt|būti|xs=Lithuanian}} * [[Macedonian]]: {{t+|mk|е|tr=e|sc=Cyrl|xs=Macedonian}}, {{t|mk|се наоѓа|tr=se náoǵa|sc=Cyrl|xs=Macedonian}} * {{trreq|Malay}} * Norwegian: *: Norwegian Bokmål: {{t+|no|være}} *: Norwegian Nynorsk: {{t+|no|vere}} * [[Old Church Slavonic]]: [[бъіти]] (byti) * Polish: {{t+|pl|być}} * Portuguese: {{t+|pt|estar}} * Romanian: {{t+|ro|fi}} * Russian: {{t+|ru|быть|tr=byt’|sc=Cyrl}}, {{t+|ru|находиться|tr=naxodít’s’a|sc=Cyrl}} * {{trreq|Serbian}} * {{trreq|Slovak}} * Slovene: {{t+|sl|biti}} * Spanish: {{t+|es|estar}} * Swahili: {{t|sw|kuwa}} * Swedish: {{t+|sv|vara}}, {{t+|sv|ligga}}, {{t+|sv|stå}}, {{t+|sv|sitta}}, {{t+|sv|finnas}} * Thai: {{Thai|[[อยู่]]}} (yòo) * {{trreq|Turkish}} * Ukrainian: {{t|uk|бути|tr=buty|sc=Cyrl|xs=Ukrainian}} * {{trreq|Vietnamese}} * Welsh: {{t-|cy|bod|xs=Welsh}} {{trans-bottom}} {{trans-top|occur, take place}} * {{trreq|Afrikaans}} * Arabic: {{Arab|[[كان]]}} (kāna) * Armenian: [[լինել]] (linel) * {{trreq|Bosnian}} * {{trreq|Breton}} * {{trreq|Bulgarian}} * {{trreq|Catalan}} * Chinese: [[在]] (zài), [[有]] (yǒu) * Croatian: {{t+|hr|biti}} * Czech: {{t+|cs|být}} * Danish: {{t|da|finde sted}}, {{t-|da|ske}} * Dutch: {{t+|nl|zijn}}, {{t+|nl|plaatsvinden}} * Esperanto: {{t-|eo|okazi|xs=Esperanto}} * Estonian: {{t-|et|olema}} * Finnish: {{t+|fi|olla}} * French: {{t+|fr|être}} * German: {{t+|de|sein}} * Greek: {{t+|el|γίνομαι|sc=Grek}} (gínomai) * {{trreq|Hindi}} * {{trreq|Hungarian}} * {{trreq|Icelandic}} * {{trreq|Ido}} * {{trreq|Indonesian}} * {{trreq|Interlingua}} * {{trreq|Interlingue}} * Irish: {{t-|ga|bí|xs=Irish}} * Italian: {{t+|it|essere}} {{trans-mid}} * Japanese: {{t+|ja|有る|tr=[[ある]], aru|sc=Jpan}} * {{trreq|Javanese}} * {{trreq|Kannada}} * Korean: {{ko-inline|일어나다|ireonada}}, {{ko-inline|생기다|saenggida}} * Lao: {{t+|lo|ເກີດ|tr=kəət|sc=Laoo|xs=Lao}}, {{t|lo|ບັງເກີດ|tr=bang-kəət|sc=Laoo|xs=Lao}} * Lithuanian: {{t+|lt|būti|xs=Lithuanian}} * {{trreq|Malay}} * Norwegian: *: Norwegian Bokmål: {{t+|no|være}} *: Norwegian Nynorsk: {{t+|no|vere}} * {{trreq|Old Church Slavonic}} * Polish: {{t+|pl|być}} * Portuguese: {{t+|pt|ser}} * Romanian: {{t+|ro|fi}} * Russian: {{t+|ru|быть|tr=byt’|sc=Cyrl}}; {{t+|ru|происходить|tr=proisxodít’|sc=Cyrl}}, {{t+|ru|произойти|tr=proizojtí|sc=Cyrl}} {{pf}} * Serbian: *: Cyrillic: [[бити#Serbian|бити]] *: Roman: [[biti#Serbian|biti]] * {{trreq|Slovak}} * Slovene: {{t+|sl|biti}} * Spanish: {{t+|es|ser}} * Swedish: {{t+|sv|vara}}, {{t+|sv|ske}} (''about actions'') * Thai: {{Thai|[[เกิดขึ้น]]}} (gèrt kêun) * Turkish: {{t+|tr|olmak}}, {{t+|tr|var olmak}} * {{trreq|Vietnamese}} * Welsh: {{t-|cy|bod|xs=Welsh}} {{trans-bottom}} {{trans-top|exist}} * {{trreq|Afrikaans}} * Arabic: {{Arab|[[كان]]}} (kāna) * Armenian: [[լինել]] (linel) * Bosnian: {{t-|bs|biti}} * {{trreq|Breton}} * {{trreq|Bulgarian}} * {{trreq|Catalan}} * Chinese: [[是]] (shì), [[有]] (yǒu) * Croatian: [[biti#Croatian|biti]]; [[postojati]] * Czech: {{t+|cs|být}} * Danish: [[være]], [[være til]] * Dutch: {{t+|nl|zijn}}, {{t+|nl|bestaan}} * Esperanto: {{t-|eo|ekzisti|xs=Esperanto}}, {{t|eo|esti}} * {{trreq|Estonian}} * Finnish: [[olla]] (olemassa) * French: {{t+|fr|être}} * German: {{t+|de|sein}} * Greek: {{t+|el|υπάρχω|sc=Grek}} (ypárcho) * {{trreq|Hindi}} * {{trreq|Hungarian}} * Icelandic: {{t+|is|vera}} * {{trreq|Ido}} * {{trreq|Indonesian}} * {{trreq|Interlingua}} * {{trreq|Interlingue}} * Irish: {{t-|ga|bí|xs=Irish}} * Italian: {{t+|it|essere}} * Japanese: {{t|ja|在る|tr=aru|sc=Jpan}}, {{t-|ja|存在する|tr=sonzai suru|sc=Jpan}} {{trans-mid}} * {{trreq|Javanese}} * {{trreq|Kannada}} * Korean: {{ko-inline|있다|itda}}, {{ko-inline|존재하다|jonjaehada}} * Lao: {{t-|lo|ຢູ່|tr=juu|sc=Laoo|xs=Lao}} * Latin: {{t+|la|sum}} * Latvian: {{t-|lv|būt|xs=Latvian}} * Lithuanian: {{t+|lt|būti|xs=Lithuanian}} * {{trreq|Malay}} * Norwegian: *: Norwegian Bokmål: {{t+|no|være}} *: Norwegian Nynorsk: {{t+|no|vere}} * [[Old Church Slavonic]]: [[бъіти]] (byti) * Polish: {{t+|pl|być}} * Portuguese: {{t+|pt|ser}} * Romanian: {{t+|ro|fi}}, {{t+|ro|exista}} * Russian: {{t+|ru|быть|tr=byt’|sc=Cyrl}}, {{t|ru|существовать|tr=suščestvovát’|sc=Cyrl}} * Serbian: *: Cyrillic: [[бити#Serbian|бити]] *: Roman: [[biti#Serbian|biti]] * Slovak: {{t|sk|byť}} * Slovene: {{t+|sl|biti}} * Spanish: {{t+|es|ser}} * Swedish: {{t+|sv|vara}}, {{t+|sv|existera}}, {{t+|sv|finnas}}, [[finnas till]] * Thai: {{Thai|[[มีอยู่]]}} (mee yòo) * Turkish: {{t+|tr|var}} * Ukrainian: {{t|uk|бути|tr=buty|sc=Cyrl|xs=Ukrainian}} * {{trreq|Vietnamese}} * Welsh: {{t-|cy|bod|xs=Welsh}} {{trans-bottom}} {{trans-top|elliptical form of "be here", or similar}} * {{trreq|Afrikaans}} * {{trreq|Arabic}} * Bosnian: {{t-|bs|biti}} * {{trreq|Breton}} * {{trreq|Bulgarian}} * {{trreq|Catalan}} * Chinese: [[是]] (shì), [[有]] (yǒu), [[在]] (zài) * Croatian: {{t+|hr|biti}} * Czech: {{t+|cs|být}} * Danish: [[være]], [[være her]] * Dutch: {{t+|nl|zijn}} * Esperanto: {{t|eo|veni}}, {{t|eo|iri}}, {{t|eo|iri}} * {{trreq|Estonian}} * Finnish: {{t+|fi|olla}} * French: {{t+|fr|aller}}, {{t+|fr|venir}} * German: {{t+|de|sein}} * {{trreq|Hindi}} * {{trreq|Hungarian}} * {{trreq|Icelandic}} * {{trreq|Ido}} * {{trreq|Indonesian}} * {{trreq|Interlingua}} * {{trreq|Interlingue}} * Irish: {{t-|ga|bí|xs=Irish}} * Italian: {{t+|it|andare}}, {{t+|it|venire}} * Japanese: {{t|ja|行って来る|tr=itte kuru|sc=Jpan}} {{trans-mid}} * {{trreq|Javanese}} * {{trreq|Kannada}} * {{trreq|Korean}} * {{trreq|Lao}} * Latin: {{t+|la|venio|veniō}} * Latvian: {{t-|lv|būt|xs=Latvian}} * Lithuanian: {{t+|lt|būti|xs=Lithuanian}} * {{trreq|Malay}} * Norwegian: *: Norwegian Bokmål: {{t+|no|være}} *: Norwegian Nynorsk: {{t+|no|vere}} * {{trreq|Old Church Slavonic}} * Polish: {{t+|pl|być}} * Romanian: {{t+|ro|fi}} * Russian: {{t+|ru|быть|tr=byt’|sc=Cyrl}} * Serbian: *: Cyrillic: [[бити#Serbian|бити]] *: Roman: [[biti#Serbian|biti]] * {{trreq|Slovak}} * Slovene: {{t+|sl|biti}} * Spanish: {{t+|es|estar}} * Swedish: {{t+|sv|vara}} * {{trreq|Thai}} * {{trreq|Turkish}} * {{trreq|Vietnamese}} * Welsh: {{t-|cy|bod|xs=Welsh}} {{trans-bottom}} {{trans-top|used to indicate that the subject and object are the same}} * {{trreq|Afrikaans}} * Arabic: {{Arab|[[كان]]}} (kāna) * Bosnian: {{t-|bs|biti}} * {{trreq|Breton}} * {{trreq|Bulgarian}} * {{trreq|Catalan}} * Chinese: [[是]] (shì) * Croatian: {{t+|hr|biti}} * Czech: {{t+|cs|být}} * Danish: {{t+|da|være}} * Dutch: {{t+|nl|zijn}} * Esperanto: {{t+|eo|esti|xs=Esperanto}} * {{trreq|Estonian}} * Finnish: {{t+|fi|olla}} * French: {{t+|fr|être}} * German: {{t+|de|sein}} * Greek: {{t+|el|είμαι|sc=Grek}} (eímai) * {{trreq|Hindi}} * {{trreq|Hungarian}} * {{trreq|Icelandic}} * {{trreq|Ido}} * {{trreq|Indonesian}} * {{trreq|Interlingua}} * {{trreq|Interlingue}} * Irish: {{t+|ga|is|xs=Irish}} * Italian: {{t+|it|essere}} * Japanese: <subj.>[[は]]<cmpl.>[[です]]. (…wa～desu), <subj.>[[は]]<cmpl.>[[である]]. (…wa～de aru), <subj.>[[は]]<cmpl.>[[だ]]. (…wa～da) {{trans-mid}} * {{trreq|Javanese}} * {{trreq|Kannada}} * Korean: {{ko-inline|이다|ida}} * Lao: {{t-|lo|ແມ່ນ|sc=Laoo|xs=Lao}} * Latin: {{t+|la|sum}} * Latvian: {{t-|lv|būt|xs=Latvian}} * Lithuanian: {{t+|lt|būti|xs=Lithuanian}} * {{trreq|Malay}} * Norwegian: *: Norwegian Bokmål: {{t+|no|være}} *: Norwegian Nynorsk: {{t+|no|vere}} * {{trreq|Old Church Slavonic}} * Polish: {{t+|pl|być}} * Romanian: {{t+|ro|fi}} * Russian: {{t+|ru|быть|tr=byt’|sc=Cyrl}}, {{t+|ru|являться|tr=javlját’s’a|sc=Cyrl}} {{impf}} * Serbian: *: Cyrillic: [[бити#Serbian|бити]] *: Roman: [[biti#Serbian|biti]] * {{trreq|Slovak}} * Slovene: {{t+|sl|biti}} * Spanish: {{t+|es|ser}} * Swedish: {{t+|sv|vara}} * Thai: {{Thai|[[เป็น]]}} (bpen) * {{trreq|Turkish}} * {{trreq|Vietnamese}} * Welsh: {{t-|cy|bod|xs=Welsh}} {{trans-bottom}} {{trans-top|used to indicate that the values on either side of an equation are the same}} * {{trreq|Afrikaans}} * {{trreq|Arabic}} * Bosnian: {{t-|bs|biti}} * {{trreq|Breton}} * {{trreq|Bulgarian}} * {{trreq|Catalan}} * Chinese: [[是]] (shì) * Croatian: {{t+|hr|biti}} * Czech: {{t+|cs|být}} * Danish: [[være]], [[være lig med]] * Dutch: [[gelijk]] [[zijn]] * Esperanto: {{t-|eo|egali|xs=Esperanto}}, {{t|eo|esti}} * Finnish: {{t+|fi|olla}} ([[yhtä]] [[suuri]] [[kuin]]) * French: {{t+|fr|faire}} * German: {{t+|de|sein}} * Greek: {{t|el|ίσον|sc=Grek}} (íson), {{t+|el|κάνω|sc=Grek}} (káno) * {{trreq|Hindi}} * {{trreq|Hungarian}} * {{trreq|Icelandic}} * {{trreq|Ido}} * {{trreq|Indonesian}} * {{trreq|Interlingua}} * {{trreq|Interlingue}} * Irish: {{t-|ga|bí|xs=Irish}} {{t-|ga|cothrom|xs=Irish}} {{t+|ga|le|xs=Irish}} * Italian: [[essere]] [[uguale]] * Japanese: <subj.>[[は]]<cmpl.>[[である]]. (…wa～de aru) * {{trreq|Kannada}} {{trans-mid}} * Korean: {{ko-inline|같다|gatda}} * {{trreq|Lao}} * Latin: {{t+|la|sum}} * Latvian: {{t-|lv|būt|xs=Latvian}} * Lithuanian: {{t+|lt|būti|xs=Lithuanian}} * {{trreq|Malay}} * Norwegian: *: Norwegian Bokmål: {{t+|no|være}} ''or'' være lik *: Norwegian Nynorsk: {{t+|no|vere}} ''or'' vere lik * {{trreq|Old Church Slavonic}} * Polish: {{t+|pl|być}} * Romanian: {{t+|ro|fi}}, {{t-|ro|egala}} * Russian: {{t|ru|равняться|tr=равняется, ravnjájets’a|sc=Cyrl}}, {{t|ru|равно|tr=ravnó|sc=Cyrl}}, {{t+|ru|быть|tr=будет, búdet|sc=Cyrl}}, {{t|ru|получиться|tr=получится, polúčits’a|sc=Cyrl}}, {{t|ru|составить|tr=составит, sostávit|sc=Cyrl}}, {{t+|ru|это|tr=éto|sc=Cyrl}}, {{term|—||long dash}} * Serbian: *: Cyrillic: [[бити#Serbian|бити]] *: Roman: [[biti#Serbian|biti]] * {{trreq|Slovak}} * Slovene: {{t+|sl|biti}} * Spanish: [[ser]] [[igual]] [[a]] * Swedish: {{t+|sv|vara}}, {{t|sv|vara lika med}} * Thai: {{Thai|[[เท่ากับ]]}} (tâo gàp) * {{trreq|Turkish}} * {{trreq|Vietnamese}} * Welsh: {{t-|cy|bod|xs=Welsh}} {{trans-bottom}} {{trans-top|used to indicate that the subject plays the role of the predicate nominative}} * {{trreq|Afrikaans}} * Arabic: {{Arab|[[كان]]}} (kāna) * Bosnian: {{t-|bs|biti}} * {{trreq|Breton}} * {{trreq|Bulgarian}} * {{trreq|Catalan}} * Chinese: [[是]] (shì), ''absent with adjectives''. * Croatian: {{t+|hr|biti}} * Czech: {{t+|cs|být}} * Danish: {{t+|da|være}} * Dutch: {{t+|nl|zijn}} * Esperanto: {{t+|eo|esti|xs=Esperanto}} * Finnish: {{t+|fi|olla}} * French: {{t+|fr|être}} * German: {{t+|de|sein}} * Greek: {{t+|el|είμαι|sc=Grek}} (eímai) * {{trreq|Hindi}} * {{trreq|Hungarian}} * {{trreq|Icelandic}} * {{trreq|Ido}} * {{trreq|Indonesian}} * {{trreq|Interlingua}} * {{trreq|Interlingue}} * Irish: {{t+|ga|is|xs=Irish}} * Italian: {{t+|it|essere}} {{trans-mid}} * Japanese: <subj.>[[は]]<cmpl.>[[である]]. (…wa～de aru), <subj.>[[は]]<cmpl.>[[を]][[やる]]. (…wa～o yaru) * {{trreq|Javanese}} * {{trreq|Kannada}} * Korean: {{ko-inline|이다|ida}} * {{trreq|Lao}} * Latin: {{t+|la|sum}} * Lithuanian: {{t+|lt|būti|xs=Lithuanian}} * {{trreq|Malay}} * Norwegian: *: Norwegian Bokmål: {{t+|no|være}} *: Norwegian Nynorsk: {{t+|no|vere}} * [[Old Church Slavonic]]: [[бъіти]] (byti) * Polish: {{t+|pl|być}} * Romanian: {{t+|ro|fi}} * Russian: {{t+|ru|быть|tr=byt’|sc=Cyrl}}, {{t+|ru|являться|tr=javlját’s’a|sc=Cyrl}} * Serbian: *: Cyrillic: [[бити#Serbian|бити]] *: Roman: [[biti#Serbian|biti]] * Slovene: {{t+|sl|biti}} * Spanish: {{t+|es|ser}} * Swedish: {{t+|sv|vara}} * {{trreq|Thai}} * {{trreq|Turkish}} * {{trreq|Vietnamese}} * Welsh: {{t-|cy|bod|xs=Welsh}} {{trans-bottom}} {{trans-top|used to connect a noun to an adjective that describes it}} * {{trreq|Afrikaans}} * Arabic: {{Arab|[[كان]]}} (kāna) * Bosnian: {{t-|bs|biti}} * {{trreq|Breton}} * {{trreq|Bulgarian}} * {{trreq|Catalan}} * Chinese: ''absent with adjectives'' * Croatian: {{t+|hr|biti}} * Czech: {{t+|cs|být}} * Danish: {{t+|da|være}} * Dutch: {{t+|nl|zijn}} * Esperanto: {{t+|eo|esti|xs=Esperanto}} * {{trreq|Estonian}} * Finnish: {{t+|fi|olla}} * French: {{t+|fr|être}} * German: {{t+|de|sein}} * Greek: {{t+|el|είμαι|sc=Grek}} (eímai) * {{trreq|Hindi}} * {{trreq|Hungarian}} * {{trreq|Icelandic}} * {{trreq|Ido}} * {{trreq|Indonesian}} * {{trreq|Interlingua}} * {{trreq|Interlingue}} * Irish: {{t-|ga|bí|xs=Irish}} * Italian: {{t+|it|essere}} * Japanese: <subj.>[[は]]<adj.> (…wa～) {{trans-mid}} * {{trreq|Javanese}} * {{trreq|Kannada}} * Korean: (adjective conjugates with no additional word) * {{trreq|Lao}} * Latin: {{t+|la|sum}} * Latvian: {{t-|lv|būt|xs=Latvian}} * Lithuanian: {{t+|lt|būti|xs=Lithuanian}} * {{trreq|Malay}} * Norwegian: *: Norwegian Bokmål: {{t+|no|være}} *: Norwegian Nynorsk: {{t+|no|vere}} * [[Old Church Slavonic]]: [[бъіти]] (byti) * Polish: {{t+|pl|być}} * Romanian: {{t+|ro|fi}} * Russian: {{t+|ru|быть|tr=byt’|sc=Cyrl}} * Serbian: *: Cyrillic: [[бити#Serbian|бити]] *: Roman: [[biti#Serbian|biti]] * {{trreq|Slovak}} * Slovene: {{t+|sl|biti}} * Spanish: {{t+|es|ser}}, {{t+|es|estar}} * Swedish: {{t+|sv|vara}} * {{trreq|Thai}} * {{trreq|Turkish}} * {{trreq|Vietnamese}} * Welsh: {{t-|cy|bod|xs=Welsh}} {{trans-bottom}} {{trans-top|used to indicate that the subject has the qualities described by a noun or noun phrase}} * {{trreq|Afrikaans}} * Arabic: {{Arab|[[كان]]}} (kāna) * Bosnian: {{t-|bs|biti}} * {{trreq|Breton}} * {{trreq|Bulgarian}} * {{trreq|Catalan}} * Chinese: [[是]] (shì) * Croatian: {{t+|hr|biti}} * Czech: {{t+|cs|být}} * Danish: {{t+|da|være}} * Dutch: {{t+|nl|zijn}} * Esperanto: {{t+|eo|esti|xs=Esperanto}} * {{trreq|Estonian}} * Finnish: {{t+|fi|olla}} * French: {{t+|fr|être}} * German: {{t+|de|sein}} * Greek: {{t+|el|είμαι|sc=Grek}} (eímai) * {{trreq|Hindi}} * {{trreq|Hungarian}} * {{trreq|Icelandic}} * {{trreq|Ido}} * {{trreq|Indonesian}} * {{trreq|Interlingua}} * {{trreq|Interlingue}} * Irish: {{t+|ga|is|xs=Irish}} {{trans-mid}} * Italian: {{t+|it|essere}} * Japanese: <subj.>[[は]]<cmpl.>[[です]]. (…wa～desu), <subj.>[[は]]<cmpl.>[[である]]. (…wa～de aru), <subj.>[[は]]<cmpl.>[[だ]]. (…wa～da) * {{trreq|Javanese}} * {{trreq|Kannada}} * Korean: {{ko-inline|이다|ida}} * {{trreq|Lao}} * Latin: {{t+|la|sum}} * Lithuanian: {{t+|lt|būti|xs=Lithuanian}} * Norwegian: *: Norwegian Bokmål: {{t+|no|være}} *: Norwegian Nynorsk: {{t+|no|vere}} * [[Old Church Slavonic]]: [[бъіти]] (byti) * Polish: {{t+|pl|być}} * Romanian: {{t+|ro|fi}} * Russian: {{t+|ru|быть|tr=byt’|sc=Cyrl}} * Serbian: *: Cyrillic: [[бити#Serbian|бити]] *: Roman: [[biti#Serbian|biti]] * Slovene: {{t+|sl|biti}} * Spanish: {{t+|es|ser}} * {{trreq|Thai}} * {{trreq|Turkish}} * {{trreq|Vietnamese}} * Welsh: {{t-|cy|bod|xs=Welsh}} {{trans-bottom}} {{trans-top|used to form the passive voice}} * {{trreq|Afrikaans}} * {{trreq|Arabic}} * Bosnian: {{t-|bs|biti}} * {{trreq|Breton}} * {{trreq|Bulgarian}} * {{trreq|Catalan}} * Chinese: [[被]] (bèi) + verb (''particle'') * Croatian: {{t+|hr|biti}} * Czech: {{t+|cs|být}} * Danish: {{t+|da|blive}} * Dutch: {{t+|nl|worden}} * Esperanto: (passive form of the verb) -{{t-|eo|iĝi|xs=Esperanto}}, {{t|eo|esti}} + ''passive participle'' [-ata, -ita, -ota] * {{trreq|Estonian}} * Finnish: ''active tense used'' * French: {{t+|fr|être}} * German: {{t+|de|werden}} * Greek: ''usually translated using the passive form of the active verb'' * {{trreq|Hindi}} * {{trreq|Hungarian}} * {{trreq|Icelandic}} * {{trreq|Ido}} * {{trreq|Indonesian}} * {{trreq|Interlingua}} * {{trreq|Interlingue}} * Irish: ''specific form of each verb must be used'' * Italian: {{t+|it|essere}} {{trans-mid}} * Japanese: <subj.>[[は]]<imperfective of pred.>+[[れる]] (…wa ～reru), <subj.>[[は]]<imperfective of pred.>+[[られる]] (…wa ～rareru) * {{trreq|Javanese}} * {{trreq|Kannada}} * Korean: (passive form of the verb) -{{ko-inline|기다|gida}}, –{{ko-inline|당하다|danghada}}, -{{ko-inline|되다|doeda}}, -{{ko-inline|리다|rida}}, -{{ko-inline|받다|batda}}, -{{ko-inline|이다|ida}}, -{{ko-inline|지다|jida}}, -{{ko-inline|히다|hida}} * {{trreq|Lao}} * Latin: {{t+|la|sum}} * Lithuanian: {{t+|lt|būti|xs=Lithuanian}} * Norwegian: {{t+|no|bli}} * [[Old Church Slavonic]]: [[бъіти]] (byti) * Polish: {{t+|pl|być}} * Romanian: {{t+|ro|fi}} * Russian: {{t+|ru|быть|tr=byt’|sc=Cyrl}} * Serbian: *: Cyrillic: [[бити#Serbian|бити]] *: Roman: [[biti#Serbian|biti]] * Slovene: {{t+|sl|biti}} * Spanish: (reflexive form of the verb) -{{t+|es|se}}, (passive form of the verb) {{t+|es|ser}} [...ado/ido] * Swedish: {{t+|sv|bli}}, {{t+|sv|-s}} (''suffix used on the verb'') * {{trreq|Thai}} * {{trreq|Turkish}} * {{trreq|Vietnamese}} * Welsh: {{t-|cy|bod|xs=Welsh}} {{trans-bottom}} {{trans-top|used to form the continuous forms of various tenses}} * {{trreq|Afrikaans}} * {{trreq|Arabic}} * {{trreq|Bosnian}} * {{trreq|Breton}} * {{trreq|Bulgarian}} * {{trreq|Catalan}} * Chinese: [[在]] (zài), [[正在]] (zhèngzài); verb + [[[著]]], [[着]] (zhe) * {{trreq|Croatian}} * Czech: ''doesn't have continuous tenses'' * Danish: ''(not translated)'' * Dutch: [[zijn]] aan het + ''infinitive'' ''(or a simple tense without [[zijn]] when not stressing the continuousness of an action)'' * Esperanto: {{t+|eo|esti|xs=Esperanto}} + ''active participle'' [-anta, -inta, -onta] ** ''Note: Most often, the simple tense would be used unless the speaker wishes to emphasize the continuity of the action.'' * {{trreq|Estonian}} * Finnish: [[olla]] ([[tehdä|tekemässä]] [[jotakin]]) (''sometimes, normally active tense'') * French: ''(not translated; use the equivalent simple tense, or the imperfect in the past)'' * German: {{t+|de|sein}} * Greek: ''(use imperfective verb form of the appropriate tense)'' * {{trreq|Hindi}} * {{trreq|Hungarian}} * {{trreq|Icelandic}} * {{trreq|Ido}} * {{trreq|Indonesian}} * {{trreq|Interlingua}} {{trans-mid}} * {{trreq|Interlingue}} * Irish: {{t-|ga|bí|xs=Irish}} * Italian: {{t+|it|stare}} * Japanese: <subj.>は<continuous of pred.>[[ている]] (…wa ～te iru) * {{trreq|Javanese}} * {{trreq|Kannada}} * Korean: -{{ko-inline|어/아 [[가다]]|gada}}, -{{ko-inline|고 [[있다]]|go itda}}, -{{ko-inline|는다|neunda}}, -{{ko-inline|ㄴ다|nda}}, -{{ko-inline|ㅆ다|tda}} * {{trreq|Lao}} * {{trreq|Lithuanian}} * {{trreq|Malay}} * Norwegian: ''(this construction is not used in Norwegian)'' * {{trreq|Old Church Slavonic}} * Polish: {{t+|pl|być}} * Romanian: ''(not translated; use the equivalent simple tense, or the imperfect in the past)'' * Russian: ''(use imperfective verb form of the appropriate tense)'' * {{trreq|Serbian}} * {{trreq|Slovak}} * {{trreq|Slovene}} * Spanish: {{t+|es|estar}} [...ndo] * Swedish: ''(rarely translated; use the equivalent simple tense or possibly {{t|sv|hålla på att}} + infinitive)'' * {{trreq|Thai}} * {{trreq|Turkish}} * {{trreq|Vietnamese}} * Welsh: {{t-|cy|bod|xs=Welsh}} {{trans-bottom}} {{trans-top|(archaic) used to form the perfect aspect with certain intransitive verbs}} * {{trreq|Afrikaans}} * {{trreq|Arabic}} * {{trreq|Bosnian}} * {{trreq|Breton}} * {{trreq|Bulgarian}} * {{trreq|Catalan}} * Chinese: ''does not use the perfect aspect'' * {{trreq|Croatian}} * Czech: {{t+|cs|být}} * {{trreq|Danish}} * Esperanto: ''does not use the perfect aspect'' * {{trreq|Estonian}} * Finnish: {{t+|fi|olla}} * French: {{t+|fr|avoir}} * {{trreq|German}} * {{trreq|Greek}} * {{trreq|Hindi}} * {{trreq|Hungarian}} * {{trreq|Icelandic}} * {{trreq|Ido}} * {{trreq|Indonesian}} * {{trreq|Interlingua}} * {{trreq|Interlingue}} * Irish: {{i|rendered by verb form}} {{trans-mid}} * Japanese: <subj.>[[は]]<continuous of pred.>[[ている]] (…wa ～te iru) * {{trreq|Javanese}} * {{trreq|Kannada}} * {{trreq|Korean}} * {{trreq|Lao}} * Latin: {{t+|la|sum}} * {{trreq|Lithuanian}} * {{trreq|Malay}} * Norwegian: *: Norwegian Bokmål: {{t+|no|være}} *: Norwegian Nynorsk: {{t+|no|vere}} * {{trreq|Old Church Slavonic}} * {{trreq|Polish}} * {{trreq|Romanian}} * Russian: {{t+|ru|быть|tr=byt’|sc=Cyrl}} * {{trreq|Serbian}} * {{trreq|Slovak}} * {{trreq|Slovene}} * {{trreq|Spanish}} * Swedish: {{t+|sv|vara}} * {{trreq|Thai}} * {{trreq|Turkish}} * {{trreq|Vietnamese}} * Welsh: {{i|rendered by verb form}} {{trans-bottom}} {{trans-top|used to form future tenses, especially the future subjunctive}} * {{trreq|Afrikaans}} * {{trreq|Arabic}} * {{trreq|Bosnian}} * {{trreq|Breton}} * {{trreq|Bulgarian}} * {{trreq|Catalan}} * Chinese: ''does not use future tense'' * {{trreq|Croatian}} * Czech: {{t+|cs|být}}, {{t+|cs|mít}} * {{trreq|Danish}} * Esperanto: ''(not translated; use the future tense [-os])'' * {{trreq|Estonian}} * Finnish: {{t+|fi|tulla}} * French: ''(not translated; use a future tense)'' * {{trreq|German}} * {{trreq|Greek}} * {{trreq|Hindi}} * {{trreq|Hungarian}} * {{trreq|Icelandic}} * {{trreq|Ido}} * {{trreq|Indonesian}} * {{trreq|Interlingua}} * {{trreq|Interlingue}} {{trans-mid}} * Irish: {{i|rendered by verb form}} * Japanese: <subj.>は<attributive of pred.>[[こと]][[に]][[なる|なっ]][[ている]] (…wa ～koto ni natte iru), <subj.>は<attributive of pred.>[[だろう]] (…wa ～darō) * {{trreq|Javanese}} * {{trreq|Kannada}} * {{trreq|Korean}} * {{trreq|Lao}} * {{trreq|Lithuanian}} * {{trreq|Malay}} * {{trreq|Old Church Slavonic}} * {{trreq|Polish}} * {{trreq|Romanian}} * Russian: {{t+|ru|быть|tr=byt’|sc=Cyrl}} * {{trreq|Serbian}} * {{trreq|Slovak}} * {{trreq|Slovene}} * {{trreq|Spanish}} * {{trreq|Swedish}} * {{trreq|Thai}} * {{trreq|Turkish}} * {{trreq|Vietnamese}} * Welsh: {{i|rendered by verb form}} {{trans-bottom}} {{trans-top|used to indicate age}} * {{trreq|Afrikaans}} * {{trreq|Arabic}} * {{trreq|Bosnian}} * {{trreq|Breton}} * {{trreq|Bulgarian}} * {{trreq|Catalan}} * Chinese: ''no grammatical marker needed to indicate age'' * {{trreq|Croatian}} * Czech: {{t+|cs|být}} * {{trreq|Danish}} * Dutch: {{t+|nl|zijn}} * Esperanto: {{t|eo|aĝi}} * {{trreq|Estonian}} * Finnish: {{t+|fi|olla}} * French: {{t+|fr|avoir}} * {{trreq|German}} * {{trreq|Greek}} * {{trreq|Hindi}} * {{trreq|Hungarian}} * {{trreq|Icelandic}} * {{trreq|Ido}} * {{trreq|Indonesian}} * {{trreq|Interlingua}} * {{trreq|Interlingue}} * Irish: {{t-|ga|bí|xs=Irish}} {{t-|ga|d'|xs=Irish}}{{t+|ga|aois|xs=Irish}} {{trans-mid}} * Japanese: <subj.>[[は]]<num.>[[歳]][[です]] (…wa ～sai desu), <subj.>[[は]]<num.>[[才]][[です]] (…wa ～sai desu) * {{trreq|Javanese}} * {{trreq|Kannada}} * {{trreq|Korean}} * {{trreq|Lao}} * Latin: {{t+|la|natus|nātus}} * {{trreq|Lithuanian}} * [[Macedonian]]: {{t|mk|има|tr=íma|sc=Cyrl|xs=Macedonian}} * {{trreq|Malay}} * Norwegian: *: Norwegian Bokmål: {{t+|no|være}} *: Norwegian Nynorsk: {{t+|no|vere}} * {{trreq|Old Church Slavonic}} * {{trreq|Polish}} * {{trreq|Romanian}} * Russian: ''(subject in dative case)'' * {{trreq|Serbian}} * {{trreq|Slovak}} * {{trreq|Slovene}} * Spanish: {{t|es|tener}} * Swedish: {{t+|sv|vara}} * {{trreq|Thai}} * {{trreq|Turkish}} * {{trreq|Vietnamese}} * Welsh: {{t-|cy|bod|xs=Welsh}} {{trans-bottom}} {{trans-top|used to indicate height}} * {{trreq|Afrikaans}} * {{trreq|Arabic}} * {{trreq|Bosnian}} * {{trreq|Breton}} * {{trreq|Bulgarian}} * {{trreq|Catalan}} * Chinese: ''no grammatical marker needed to indicate height'' * {{trreq|Croatian}} * Czech: {{t+|cs|mít}} * {{trreq|Danish}} * Dutch: {{t+|nl|zijn}} * {{trreq|Esperanto}} * {{trreq|Estonian}} * Finnish: {{t+|fi|olla}} * French: {{t+|fr|faire}}, {{t+|fr|mesurer}} * {{trreq|German}} * {{trreq|Greek}} * {{trreq|Hindi}} * {{trreq|Hungarian}} * {{trreq|Icelandic}} * {{trreq|Ido}} * {{trreq|Indonesian}} * {{trreq|Interlingua}} * {{trreq|Interlingue}} * Irish: {{t-|ga|bí|xs=Irish}} {{trans-mid}} * Japanese: <subj.>[[は]]<value of height>[[です]] (…wa ～desu) * {{trreq|Javanese}} * {{trreq|Kannada}} * {{trreq|Korean}} * {{trreq|Lao}} * Latin: {{t+|la|sum}} * {{trreq|Lithuanian}} * {{trreq|Malay}} * Norwegian: *: Norwegian Bokmål: {{t+|no|være}} *: Norwegian Nynorsk: {{t+|no|vere}} * {{trreq|Old Church Slavonic}} * {{trreq|Polish}} * {{trreq|Romanian}} * Russian: ''instrumental of ''{{t+|ru|рост|sc=Cyrl}} + {{t+|ru|в|sc=Cyrl}} + ''dimension in accusative'' * {{trreq|Serbian}} * {{trreq|Slovak}} * {{trreq|Slovene}} * Spanish: {{t|es|tener}} * Swedish: {{t+|sv|vara}} * {{trreq|Thai}} * {{trreq|Turkish}} * {{trreq|Vietnamese}} * Welsh: {{t-|cy|bod|xs=Welsh}} {{trans-bottom}} {{trans-top|used to indicate time of day, day of the week, or date}} * {{trreq|Afrikaans}} * {{trreq|Arabic}} * {{trreq|Bosnian}} * {{trreq|Breton}} * {{trreq|Bulgarian}} * {{trreq|Catalan}} * Chinese: ''no grammatical marker needed to indicate time'' * {{trreq|Croatian}} * Czech: {{t+|cs|být}} * {{trreq|Danish}} * Dutch: {{t+|nl|zijn}} * Esperanto: {{t|eo|esti}} * {{trreq|Estonian}} * Finnish: {{t+|fi|olla}} * French: {{t+|fr|être}} * {{trreq|German}} * {{trreq|Greek}} * {{trreq|Hindi}} * {{trreq|Hungarian}} * {{trreq|Icelandic}} * {{trreq|Ido}} * {{trreq|Indonesian}} * {{trreq|Interlingua}} * {{trreq|Interlingue}} * Irish: {{t-|ga|bí|xs=Irish}} {{trans-mid}} * Japanese: <time>[[です]] (～desu) * {{trreq|Javanese}} * {{trreq|Kannada}} * {{trreq|Korean}} * {{trreq|Lao}} * {{trreq|Latin}} * {{trreq|Lithuanian}} * {{trreq|Malay}} * Norwegian: *: Norwegian Bokmål: {{t+|no|være}} *: Norwegian Nynorsk: {{t+|no|vere}} * {{trreq|Old Church Slavonic}} * {{trreq|Polish}} * {{trreq|Romanian}} * Russian: {{t+|ru|быть|tr=byt’|sc=Cyrl}} * {{trreq|Serbian}} * {{trreq|Slovak}} * {{trreq|Slovene}} * Spanish: {{t|es|ser}} * Swedish: {{t+|sv|vara}} * {{trreq|Thai}} * {{trreq|Turkish}} * {{trreq|Vietnamese}} * Welsh: {{t-|cy|bod|xs=Welsh}} {{trans-bottom}} {{trans-top|used to indicate weather, air quality, or the like}} * {{trreq|Afrikaans}} * {{trreq|Arabic}} * {{trreq|Bosnian}} * {{trreq|Breton}} * {{trreq|Bulgarian}} * {{trreq|Catalan}} * Chinese: ''no grammatical marker needed to indicate weather, etc'' * {{trreq|Croatian}} * Czech: {{t+|cs|být}} * {{trreq|Danish}} * Dutch: {{t+|nl|zijn}} * Esperanto: {{t|eo|esti}} * {{trreq|Estonian}} * Finnish: {{t+|fi|olla}} * French: {{t+|fr|faire}} * {{trreq|German}} * {{trreq|Greek}} * {{trreq|Hindi}} * {{trreq|Hungarian}} * {{trreq|Icelandic}} * {{trreq|Ido}} * {{trreq|Indonesian}} * {{trreq|Interlingua}} * {{trreq|Interlingue}} * Irish: {{t-|ga|bí|xs=Irish}}, {{t+|ga|is|xs=Irish}} {{trans-mid}} * Japanese: <noun of the day>[[は]]<state>[[だ]] (…wa ～da) * {{trreq|Javanese}} * {{trreq|Kannada}} * {{trreq|Korean}} * {{trreq|Lao}} * {{trreq|Latin}} * {{trreq|Lithuanian}} * {{trreq|Malay}} * Norwegian: *: Norwegian Bokmål: {{t+|no|være}} *: Norwegian Nynorsk: {{t+|no|vere}} * {{trreq|Old Church Slavonic}} * {{trreq|Polish}} * {{trreq|Romanian}} * Russian: ''(predicative adjective)'' * {{trreq|Serbian}} * {{trreq|Slovak}} * {{trreq|Slovene}} * {{trreq|Spanish}} * Swedish: {{t+|sv|vara}} * {{trreq|Thai}} * {{trreq|Turkish}} * {{trreq|Vietnamese}} * Welsh: {{t-|cy|bod|xs=Welsh}} {{trans-bottom}} {{trans-top|used to indicate temperature}} * Chinese: ** Mandarin: {{t|zh|是|tr=shì|sc=Hani}} * Czech: {{t+|cs|být}} * Dutch: {{t+|nl|zijn}} * Finnish: {{t+|fi|olla}} * French: {{t+|fr|faire}} {{trans-mid}} * Japanese: <temp.>[[です]] (…desu) * Russian: {{t+|ru|быть|tr=byt’|sc=Cyrl}} * Swedish: {{t+|sv|vara}} {{trans-bottom}} {{checktrans-top}} * {{ttbc|Breton}}: [[bezañ]] * {{ttbc|Bulgarian}}: [[съм]] (sǎm) * {{ttbc|Catalan}}: [[ser]], [[estar]] * Chinese: *: {{ttbc|Cantonese}}: [[係]] (hai6) * {{ttbc|Faroese}}: [[vera]] * {{ttbc|Gothic}}: [[𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌽]] * {{ttbc|Ancient Greek}}: [[εἰμί]] * {{ttbc|Hindi}}: [[होना]] (honā) * {{ttbc|Icelandic}}: [[vera]] * {{ttbc|Ido}}: [[esar]], [[existar]] * {{ttbc|Interlingua}}: [[esser]], [[ser#Interlingua|ser]] * {{ttbc|Japanese}}: *: {{italbrac|auxiliary|copula}} [[だ]] (da, ''informal''), [[です]] (desu, ''semi-formal'') *: {{italbrac|existence}} [[有る]] (ある, aru, ''inanimate''); [[居る]] (いる, iru, ''animate'') * {{ttbc|Kannada}}: [[ಇರ]] (iru, eru) {{checktrans-mid}} * {{ttbc|Kurdish}}: [[bûn]] * {{ttbc|Latin}}: [[sum#Latin|sum]] <!-- latin translations should be in 1st-person-sg-pres-active, not pres-infinit --> * {{ttbc|Maltese}}: [[nkun]], [[tkun]] * {{ttbc|Manx}}: [[bee#Manx|bee]] * {{ttbc|Novial}}: [[es#Novial|es]] * {{ttbc|Occitan}}: [[èsser]] * {{ttbc|Old English}}: [[beon-wesan|bēon-wesan]] * {{ttbc|Old Norse}}: [[vera#Old Norse|vera]] * {{ttbc|Persian}}: {{fa-Arab|[[بودن]]}} (budan) * {{ttbc|Portuguese}}: [[ser#Portuguese|ser]] (''intransitive'' '''2'''-'''3'''; ''transitive'' '''1'''-'''5''', '''7'''); [[estar]] (''intransitive'' '''1''','''4'''; ''transitive'' '''3'''-'''7''') * {{ttbc|Romansch}}: {{t-|rm|esser|xs=Romansch}}, {{t-|rm|star|xs=Romansch}} * {{ttbc|Slovak}}: [[byť]] * {{ttbc|Urdu}}: {{ur-Arab|[[ہونا]]}} (honā) * {{ttbc|Vietnamese}}: [[là#Vietnamese|là]] (''usually omitted when intransitive'') {{checktrans-bottom}} ===Etymology 2=== Abbreviation of {{term|Belgium}}. ===={{abbreviation}}==== '''be''' # {{context|Internet}} The [[country code]] for [[Belgium]]. ===Etymology 3=== Abbreviation of {{term|Belarusian}}. ===={{abbreviation}}==== '''be''' # The [[ISO 639]] alpha-2 language code for [[Belarusian]]. ===References=== * {{R:American Heritage 2000|be}} * {{R:Dictionary.com|be}} * {{R:WordNet 2003|be}} [[Category:100 English basic words]] [[Category:Behaviour]] [[Category:English auxiliary verbs]] [[Category:English suppletive verb paradigms|be0]] [[Category:English two-letter words]] [[Category:English verbs]] ---- ==Albanian== ===Noun=== {{infl|sq|noun}} # [[oath]] ---- ==Amuzgo== ===Adjective=== {{infl|amu|adjective}} # [[red]] ---- ==Balinese== ===Noun=== {{infl|ban|noun}} # [[fish]] # [[meat]], [[fish]], [[tofu]], [[egg]] ''(everything that is eaten with rice except vegetables)'' ---- ==Catalan== ===Etymology 1=== ====Noun==== {{ca-noun|f}} # The letter [[B]] (lowercase [[b]]). =====Derived terms===== * {{l|ca|be alta}} =====Usage notes===== In some dialects of Catalan, the sounds associated with the letter ''b'' and the letter ''v'' are the same: {{IPA|β}}. In order to differentiate '''be''' and {{term|lang=ca|ve}} in those dialects, the letters are often called {{term|lang=ca|be alta||high B}} and {{term|lang=ca|ve baixa||low V}}. ===Etymology 2=== Onomatopeic from the sound of a lamb. ====Noun==== {{ca-noun|m|pl=bens}} # [[sheep]], [[ram]], [[ewe]], [[lamb]]; an individual of the species [[Ovis aries]] [[Category:ca:Agriculture]] [[Category:ca:Latin letters]] [[Category:ca:Mammals]] ---- ==Hungarian== ===Pronunciation=== * {{IPA|/ˈbɛ/|lang=hu}} * {{audio|Hu-be.ogg|Audio}} ===Adverb=== {{infl|hu|adverb}} # [[in]] ====Derived terms==== * [[befelé]] ===See also=== * [[be-]], [[benn]], [[bent]], [[bél]], [[belső]] [[Category:Hungarian two-letter words]] ---- ==Lithuanian== ===Pronunciation=== * {{IPA|[bɛ]|lang=lt}} ===Preposition=== {{lt-prep|g}} # {{context|shows absence of something}} [[without]] # [[besides]]; [[but]], [[except]] ====Antonyms==== * {{l|lt|su}} ---- ==Lojban== ===Particle=== {{jbo-cmavo}}<!--{{infl|jbo|particle|Cmavo}}--> # Connects the following ''[[sumti]]'' to the previous ''sumti'' as an internal ''sumti'' (subordinate clause); by default as the x2 argument #: ''le [[klama#Lojban|klama]] '''be''' la paris.'' #:: ''the one going to Paris'' #: ''le klama '''be''' fo la paris.'' #:: ''the one travelling via Paris'' ====Related terms==== * [[bei#Lojban|bei]] * [[be'o#Lojban|be'o]] ---- ==Norwegian== ===Etymology=== From {{etyl|non|no}} {{term|biðja|lang=non}} ===Verb=== {{infl|nb|verb|present tense|ber|past tense|ba|or|bad|present passive|bes|past participle|bedt|present participle|bedende|imperative|be}} (Bokmål)<br> {{infl|nn|verb|present tense|ber|or|bed|or|beder|past tense|bad|past participle|bede|or|bedi|or|bedd|or|bedt|present participle|bedande|imperative|be}} (Nynorsk) # To [[pray]]. # To [[ask]] something of someone. ====Synonyms==== * [[bede]] ====Derived terms==== * [[beding]] ====Related terms==== * [[bøn]] / [[bønn]] ====References==== * {{R:Dokumentasjonsprosjektet}} * {{R:Ordnett}} [[Category:Norwegian irregular verbs]] ---- ==Old Prussian== ===Conjunction=== {{infl|prg|conjunction}} # [[and]] #: ''[[wāiklis]] '''be''' [[mērgā]] '' - ''a boy '''and''' a girl'' ===Preposition=== {{infl|prg|preposition}} # [[without]] ---- ==Scots== ===Etymology=== {{etyl|ang|sco}} {{term|beon-wesan|bēon-wesan|lang=ang}}. ===Verb=== {{infl|sco|verb|head=tae be}} # To [[#English|be]]. ====Conjugation==== In most dialects: {{top2}} * A [[am#Scots|am]] (emphatic same, negative [[amna]]) * ye [[are#Scots|are]] (emphatic same, negative [[arena]]) * he/she/it [[is#Scots|is]] (emphatic same, negative [[isna]]) * we [[are#Scots|are]] (emphatic same, negative [[arena]]) * ye [[are#Scots|are]] (emphatic same, negative [[arena]]) * they [[are#Scots|are]] (emphatic same, negative [[arena]]) {{mid2}} * [[present participle]]: [[bein#Scots|bein]] * [[past participle]]: [[been#Scots|been]] * [[past tense]]: [[wis#Scots|wis]] (''with singular pronouns & plural nouns''); [[wis#Scots|wis]] or [[wir#Scots|wir]] (''with plural pronouns'') {{bottom}} In South Scots: {{top2}} * A [[im#Scots|im]] (emphatic [[em]] or [[um]], negative [[imni]]) * ee [[ir#Scots|ir]] (emphatic [[er]] or [[ur]], negative [[irni]]) * hei/shi/it [[is#Scots|is]] (emphatic [[es]], negative [[isni]]) * oo [[ir#Scots|ir]] (emphatic [[er]] or [[ur]], negative [[irni]]) * yow yins [[is#Scots|is]] (emphatic [[es]], negative [[isni]]) * they [[ir#Scots|ir]] (emphatic [[er]] or [[ur]], negative [[irni]]) {{mid2}} * [[present participle]]: [[bein#Scots|bein]] * [[past participle]]: [[been#Scots|been]] * [[past tense]]: [[wuz#Scots|wuz]] or [[wur#Scots|wur]] (usually used as in English, except with "ee", which can take either) {{bottom}} ---- ==Spanish== ===Noun=== {{es-noun-f}} # Name of the letter {{term|b}}. ---- ==Swedish== {{sv-verb-irreg|be|ber|bad|bett|be|bedjande|bedd}} ===Pronunciation=== * {{audio|Sv-be.ogg|audio}} ===Alternative spellings=== * [[bedja]] (now only in religious and archaic contexts) ===Verb=== {{infl|sv|verb}} # To [[ask]] for, request someone else to do something. # To [[pray]]. # To [[beg]], to plead with someone for help or for a favor. [[ar:be]] [[br:be]] [[cs:be]] [[de:be]] [[et:be]] [[el:be]] [[es:be]] [[fa:be]] [[fr:be]] [[gl:be]] [[ko:be]] [[hy:be]] [[hi:be]] [[io:be]] [[it:be]] [[kk:be]] [[ku:be]] [[lo:be]] [[la:be]] [[lt:be]] [[li:be]] [[hu:be]] [[nl:be]] [[ja:be]] [[no:be]] [[pl:be]] [[pt:be]] [[ro:be]] [[ru:be]] [[sq:be]] [[simple:be]] [[sl:be]] [[fi:be]] [[sv:be]] [[ta:be]] [[te:be]] [[th:be]] [[vi:be]] [[tr:be]] [[uk:be]] [[zh:be]]