by

Wiktionary http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Wiktionary:Main_Page MediaWiki 1.16alpha case-sensitive Media Special Talk User User talk Wiktionary Wiktionary talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk Appendix Appendix talk Concordance Concordance talk Index Index talk Rhymes Rhymes talk Transwiki Transwiki talk Wikisaurus Wikisaurus talk WT WT talk Citations Citations talk by 7887 6888153 2009-06-25T23:55:44Z AutoFormat 32732 sorted/rebalanced translations {{wikipedia}} {{also|.by}} ==English== {{rank|not|be|at|21|by|on|her|which}} ===Alternative spellings=== * [[bye]] (''archaic'' for preposition and adverb, not used for abbreviation, preferred for noun and interjection) ===Pronunciation=== * {{a|UK|US}} {{IPA|/baɪ/}}, {{SAMPA|/baI/}} * {{audio|en-us-by.ogg|Audio (US)}} * {{rhymes|aɪ}} * {{homophones|bi|bye|buy}} ===Etymology=== From {{etyl|ang|en}} {{term|bī||lang=ang}} ===Preposition=== {{en-prep}} # [[Near]] or [[next]] to. #: ''The mailbox is '''by''' the bus stop.'' # At some time before (the given time), or before the end of a given time interval. #: ''Be back '''by''' ten o'clock!'' #: ''We will send it '''by''' the first week of July.'' # {{non-gloss definition|Indicates the actor in a clause with its verb in the [[passive voice]]}} Through the action or presence of. #: ''The matter was decided '''by''' the chairman.'' #: ''The boat was swamped '''by''' the water.'' #: ''He was protected '''by''' his body armour.'' # (Indicates the creator of a work) Existing through the authorship etc of. #: ''There are many well-known plays '''by''' William Shakespeare'' # (Indicates the cause of a condition or event) Through the action of, caused by, responsibility for; [[by dint of]]. #: '''1874 Thomas Hardy,''' ''Far From the Madding Crowd'', 2005 Barnes & Noble Classics publication of 1912 Wessex edition, p109: #:* In other directions the fields and sky were so much of one colour '''by''' the snow that it was difficult in a hasty glance to tell whereabouts the horizon occurred [...] # (Indicates a [[means]]) Involving/using the means of. #: ''I avoided the guards '''by''' moving only when they weren't looking.'' # (Indicates a rule followed) Using the rules or logic of. #: ''I sorted the items '''by''' category.'' # (Indicates the amount of some progression) With a change of. #: ''Our stock is up '''by''' ten percent.'' # (In the formulae ''X by X'' and ''by Xs'', indicates a steady progression, one ''X'' after another.) #: ''We went through the book page '''by''' page.'' #: ''We crawled forward '''by''' inches.'' # (Indicates an [[oath]]) With the authority of. #: '''''By''' Jove! I think she's got it!'' #: '''''By''' all that is holy, I'll put an end to this.'' ====Derived terms==== {{rel-top4|terms derived from by (preposition)}} * [[bit by bit]] * [[by degrees]] * [[by dint of]] * [[by one's lonesome]] * [[by oneself]] {{rel-mid4}} * [[by means of]] * [[by rights]] * [[by the book]] * [[by the by]] {{rel-mid4}} * [[by the bye]] * [[by the way]] * [[by your leave]] * [[by way of]] {{rel-mid4}} * [[do good by]] * [[do right by]] * [[hard by]] * [[side by side]] {{rel-bottom}} ====Translations==== {{trans-top|Near, or next to}} * Czech: {{t+|cs|u}} * Danish: {{t+|da|ved}} * Dutch: {{t+|nl|bij}} * Esperanto: {{t-|eo|apud|xs=Esperanto}} * French: à [[côté]] de * German: {{t+|de|bei}} * Hungarian: [[-nál]]/[[-nél]] ([[allative case]]) * Icelandic: {{t+|is|við}} * [[Ido]]: [[apud]] * Italian: {{t+|it|vicino}}, {{t+|it|accanto}} * Japanese: -の[[そばに]] (-no sobani), -の[[そばで]] (-no sobade) * Korean: [[옆]][[에]] (yeope), [[곁]]에 (gyeote) {{trans-mid}} * Kurdish: [[li]], [[li rex]], [[li nêzî]], li [[kêleka]], [[li tenişta]] * Latin: [[apud]] (+ {{accusative}}), [[aput]] (+ {{accusative}}) * [[Macedonian]]: {{t|mk|до|tr=do|sc=Cyrl}}, {{t|mk|кај|tr=kaj|sc=Cyrl}} * Norwegian: {{t+|no|ved}} * [[Novial]]: [[proxim]] * Romanian: [[lângă]] * Russian: {{t+|ru|около|tr=ókolo|sc=Cyrl}}, {{t+|ru|рядом|sc=Cyrl}} {{t+|ru|с|sc=Cyrl}} (rjádom s), {{t+|ru|у|tr=u|sc=Cyrl}} * Slovene: {{t+|sl|pri}} * Spanish: [[por]], [[cerca]] [[de]] * Swedish: [[vid]], [[intill]] (''close to'') {{trans-bottom}} {{trans-top|some time before the given time}} * Czech: {{t+|cs|do}} * Danish: [[ved]] (''ved 10-tiden''), [[omkring]] (''omkring kl. 10'') * Dutch: {{t+|nl|tegen}} * French: {{t+|fr|avant}} * Hungarian: [[-ra]]/[[-re]] ([[superlative case]]), [[-ig]] ([[terminative case]]) * Icelandic: {{t+|is|fyrir}} * Italian: {{t+|it|entro}} * Japanese: -[[までに]] (-madeni) * Korean: ~[[까지]] (~kkaji) {{trans-mid}} * Maltese: {{t-|mt|bi|xs=Maltese}} * Norwegian: {{t-|no|innen}} * [[Novial]]: [[ante]] * Portuguese: [[próximo de]] * Romanian: [[înainte]] [[de]] * Russian: {{t+|ru|к|tr=k|sc=Cyrl}} * Slovene: {{t+|sl|do}} * Spanish: {{t+|es|para}} * Swedish: {{t+|sv|vid}} {{trans-bottom}} {{trans-top|indication of passive voice}} * Chinese: [[被]] (bèi), [[由]] (yóu); [[讓]], [[让]] (ràng), [[給]], [[给]] (gěi), [[叫]] (jiào) * Danish: {{t+|da|af}} * Dutch: {{t+|nl|door}} * Esperanto: {{t-|eo|por|xs=Esperanto}} * Hebrew: [[על ידי]] ('al yadei), [[באמצעות]] (be'emtza'ut) * Hungarian: {{t+|hu|által}} * Italian: {{t+|it|da}} {{trans-mid}} * Japanese: ...[[に]] (...ni) * Kurdish: [[ji alî]], [[ji aliyê]] * Norwegian: {{t+|no|av}} * [[Novial]]: [[da]] * Russian: instrumental case of the noun is used * Spanish: {{t+|es|por}} * Swedish: {{t+|sv|av}} {{trans-bottom}} {{trans-top|indicates creator of a work}} * Czech: {{t+|cs|od}} * Danish: {{t+|da|af}} * Dutch: {{t+|nl|door}}, {{t+|nl|vanwege}} * French: {{t+|fr|de}} * German: {{t+|de|von}} * Hebrew: [[מאת]] (mi'et) * Hungarian: [[-tól]]/[[-től]] ([[ablative case]]) * Icelandic: {{t+|is|eftir}} * [[Ido]]: [[da]] * Italian: {{t+|it|da}} {{trans-mid}} * Kurdish: [[bi destê]], ji [[alî]] * Maltese: {{t-|mt|bi|xs=Maltese}} * Norwegian: {{t+|no|av}} * [[Novial]]: [[da]] * Romanian: {{t+|ro|de}} * Russian: {{qualifier|use the instrumental case of the noun}} * Slovene: [[od]] (rarely used) * Spanish: {{t+|es|por}} * Swedish: {{t+|sv|av}} {{trans-bottom}} {{trans-top|indicates a means}} * Danish: {{t+|da|ved}} * Dutch: {{t+|nl|op}}, {{t+|nl|per}} * Esperanto: {{t|eo|de}} * French: au {{t+|fr|moyen}} de * German: {{t+|de|mit}}, {{t+|de|mittels}}, {{t+|de|durch}} * [[Ido]]: [[per]] * Kurdish: {{t+|ku|bi}} * Maltese: {{t-|mt|bi|xs=Maltese}} {{trans-mid}} * Norwegian: [[ved å]] * [[Novial]]: [[per]] * Romanian: {{t+|ro|cu}} * Russian: {{t+|ru|с|sc=Cyrl}} {{t+|ru|помощь|alt=помощью|tr=s pómoščju|sc=Cyrl}} ''or'' use the instrumental case * Slovene: {{t+|sl|s}}, {{t+|sl|z}} * Spanish: {{t+|es|por}} * Swedish: {{t-|sv|genom att}} {{trans-bottom}} {{trans-top|Indicates a rule followed}} * Czech: {{t+|cs|podle}} * Danish: {{t+|da|efter}} * Hebrew: [[לפי]] (lefy) * Hungarian: [[szerint]] (''according to'') * Italian: {{t+|it|per}} * Kurdish: li [[gor]], li [[dû]] {{trans-mid}} * Norwegian: {{t+|no|etter}} * [[Novial]]: [[segun]] * Russian: {{t+|ru|по|tr=po|sc=Cyrl}} * Spanish: {{t+|es|por}} * Swedish: {{t+|sv|efter}} {{trans-bottom}} {{trans-top|Indicating amount of progression}} * Czech: {{t+|cs|o}} * Danish: {{t-|da|med}} * Dutch: {{t+|nl|met}} * Hebrew: [[-ב]] (be-) (''prefix'') * Hungarian: [[-val]]/[[-vel]] * Italian: {{t+|it|del}} {{trans-mid}} * Kurdish: {{t+|ku|bi}} * Norwegian: {{t+|no|med}} * [[Novial]]: [[po]] * Russian: {{t+|ru|на|sc=Cyrl}} * Swedish: {{t+|sv|med}} {{trans-bottom}} {{trans-top|steady progression}} * Czech: {{t+|cs|za}}, {{t+|cs|po}} * Danish: {{t+|da|efter}} * Dutch: {{t+|nl|per}} * Finnish: ''nominative + ablative'' (e.g. ''talo talo'''lta''''' "house by house") * Kurdish: {{t+|ku|bi}} {{trans-mid}} * Norwegian: {{t+|no|etter}} * [[Novial]]: [[per]] * Russian: {{t+|ru|за|tr=za|sc=Cyrl}} * Spanish: {{t+|es|por}} * Swedish: {{t+|sv|efter}} {{trans-bottom}} {{trans-top|With the authority of}} * Russian: {{t+|ru|во|sc=Cyrl}} {{t+|ru|имя|sc=Cyrl}} {{trans-mid}} * Swedish: {{t+|sv|vid}} {{trans-bottom}} {{checktrans-top}} * {{ttbc|Indonesian}}: {{t+|id|oleh|xs=Indonesian}} {{trans-bottom}} ===Adverb=== {{infl|en|adverb}} #  Along a path which runs by the speaker. #: ''I watched as it passed by.'' ====Derived terms==== {{rel-top4|terms derived from by (adverb)}} * [[by the by]] * [[drop by]] * [[full and by]] {{rel-mid4}} * [[nearby]] * [[pass by]] * [[passerby]] {{rel-mid4}} * [[put by]] * [[right by]] * [[stand by]] {{rel-mid4}} * [[stop by]] * [[bypass]] {{rel-bottom}} ====Translations==== {{trans-top|along a path}} * Danish: {{t+|da|forbi}} * Dutch: {{t+|nl|langs}} * German: {{t-|de|längs}} {{trans-mid}} * Kurdish: {{t+|ku|tê re}}, {{t+|ku|di ber re}} * Spanish: {{t+|es|por}} {{trans-bottom}} ===Adjective=== {{en-adj|-}} # Out of the way, subsidiary. {{rfex|standalone usage, please}} ====Antonyms==== * [[main]], [[principal]] ====Derived terms==== * [[bypass]] * [[byroad]] * [[bystander]] * [[byway]] ===Noun=== {{en-noun}} # {{context|card games}} A [[pass]] ===Interjection=== {{en-intj}} # {{alternative spelling of|[[bye]]}} ==={{abbreviation}}=== '''BY''' # [[Belarus]], a member state of the [[United Nations]]. # [[Bavaria]], a federal state of [[Germany]]. [[Category:100 English basic words]] [[Category:English two-letter words]] ---- ==Danish== ===Etymology=== From {{etyl|non|da}} {{term|býr||settlement}}. ===Noun=== {{da-noun|en|er}} #  [[town]], [[city]] ====Related terms==== {{top2}} * [[bydel]] ''c'' * [[bymidte]] ''c'' * [[bymæssig]] * [[byområde]] ''n'' * [[byorkester]] ''n'' * [[byplanlægning]] ''c'' {{mid2}} * [[byret]] ''c'' * [[byråd]] ''n'' * [[byvåben]] ''n'' * [[byzone]] ''c'' * [[landsby]] ''c'' {{bottom}} ====Inflection==== {{da-noun-infl|en|er}} ---- ==Lojban== ===Cmavo=== '''by''' # letteral for [[b]] ---- ==Norwegian== ===Noun=== {{infl|no|noun|g=m}} #  [[town]], [[city]] ===Verb=== {{infl|no|verb}} # [[bid]]; [[offer]] # [[command]]; [[order]] # [[ask]]; [[invite]] [[Category:Norwegian irregular verbs]] ---- ==Polish== ===Pronunciation=== * {{IPA|[bɨ]|lang=pl}} ===Particle=== {{infl|pl|particle}} # (always before a verb) a particle used to make conditional mood; [[would]], [[should]] #: ''On '''by''' tam nie poszedł.'' = ''On nie poszedł'''by''' tam.'' — He would not go there. {|class="wikitable" |- | !singular !plural |- !1st person |align="center"|[[bym]] |align="center"|[[byśmy]] |- !2nd person |align="center"|[[byś]] |align="center"|[[byście]] |- !3rd person |align="center"|[[by#Polish|by]] |align="center"|[[by#Polish|by]] |} ====Synonyms==== * [[-by]] (suffix) ===Conjunction=== {{infl|pl|conjunction}} # {{rare|lang=pl}} [[in order to]] ====Synonyms==== * [[żeby]] ---- ==Swedish== ===Pronunciation=== * {{audio|Sv-by.ogg|audio}} ===Noun=== {{sv-noun-irreg-c|2=byn|3=byar}} '''by''' {{c}} #  [[village]] #  [[breeze]], [[gust]] ====Related terms==== ;village * [[byalag]] * [[hemby]] ;breeze * [[stormby]] [[af:by]] [[ar:by]] [[ast:by]] [[az:by]] [[cs:by]] [[de:by]] [[et:by]] [[el:by]] [[es:by]] [[fa:by]] [[fr:by]] [[ko:by]] [[hy:by]] [[io:by]] [[it:by]] [[ku:by]] [[lo:by]] [[la:by]] [[lt:by]] [[li:by]] [[hu:by]] [[nl:by]] [[ja:by]] [[no:by]] [[pl:by]] [[pt:by]] [[ro:by]] [[ru:by]] [[simple:by]] [[fi:by]] [[sv:by]] [[ta:by]] [[te:by]] [[th:by]] [[vi:by]] [[tr:by]] [[zh:by]]