Transwiki:Two-Spirit

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This is a list of terms for Two-Spirits in various languages of North America and the rest of the world.

  • Aleut
    • Male-bodied: Ayagígux‘ ("man transformed into a woman")
    • Female-bodied: Tayagígux‘ ("woman transformed into a man")
  • Apache
    • Mescalero
      • Male-bodied: Ńdé?isdzan ("man-woman")
  • Arapaho
    • Male-bodied: Haxu'xan (singular), Hoxuxuno (plural) ("rotten bone")
  • Arikara
    • Male-bodied: Kuxa't
  • Assiniboine
    • Male-bodied: Winktan´
  • Atsina (Gros Ventre)
    • Male-bodied: Athúth
  • Atsugewi
    • Male-bodied: Yaawa:
    • Female-bodied: Brumaiwi
  • Blackfoot (Blackfeet)
    • Siksika
      • Male-bodied: A'kiihka'si ("acting like a woman"), Aawoowa'kii ("misaligned woman")
    • Peigan
      • Southern
        • Male-bodied: (dialectal variants of the aforementioned, more conservative, Siksika terms with loss of ' and compensatory lengthening, as well as assibilation of 'h' following 'i')
        • Female-bodied: Saahkómaapi'aakííkoan ("boy-girl") [*strictly a nickname given to Running Eagle*]
  • Cheyenne
    • Male-bodied: He´eman (singular), He´emane’o (plural) (hee = "woman")
    • Female-bodied: Hetaneman (singular), Hatane´mane’o (plural) (hetan = "man")
  • Chickasaw, Choctaw
    • Male-bodied: Hoobuk
  • Chumash
    • Ineseño
      • Male-bodied: agí
    • Ventureño
      • Male-bodied: ʼaqi or ʼaxi
  • Cocopa
    • Male-bodied: Elha ("coward")
    • Female-bodied: Warrhameh
  • Coeur d'Alene
    • Female-bodied: St'amia ("hermaphrodite")
  • Cree
    • Plains
      • Male-bodied: Aayahkweew or Eeyihkweew ("neither man or woman")
  • Crow
    • Male-bodied: Boté/Baté/Badé ("not man, not woman")
  • Dakota (Santee Sioux)
    • Male-bodied: Winkta
  • Deg Hit’an (Ingalik)
    • Male-bodied: Nok’olhanxodelea:ne ("woman pretenders")
    • Female-bodied: Che:lxodelea:ne ("man pretenders")
  • Hidatsa
    • Male-bodied: Miati ("to be impelled against one's will to act the woman," "woman compelled")
  • Ho-Chunk (Winnebago)
    • Male-bodied: Shiáŋge ("unmanly man") or Dedjáŋgtcowiŋga ("blue lake woman," name of a particular two-spirit person)
  • Hopi (Pueblo)
    • Male-bodied: Ho´va
  • Huchnom
    • Male-bodied: Iwap kuti
  • Illinois
    • Note: the Illinois were a confederacy of six different tribes, which tribe these words originate is unknown.
      • Male-bodied: Ikoueta
      • Female-bodied: Ickoue ne kioussa ("hunting women")
  • Inca
    • Male-bodied: Quariwarmi
  • Interior Salish (Flathead)
    • Male-bodied: Ma’kalí
  • Inuit
    • Male-bodied: Sipiniq ("infant whose sex changes at birth")
  • Juaneño
    • Male-bodied: Kwit
  • Kawaiisu
    • Male-bodied: Hu'yupǐz
  • Keresan (Pueblo)
    • Acoma
      • Male-bodied: Kokwi'ma
    • Laguna
      • Male-bodied: Kok'we'ma
  • Klamath
    • Male-/Female-bodied: Twǃǐnnă´ĕk
  • Kootenai (Kutenai)
    • Male-bodied: Kupatke'tek ("to imitate a woman")
    • Female-bodied: Titqattek ("pretending to be a man")
  • Kumeyaay (Diegueño)
    • Tipai, Kamia
      • Female-bodied: Warharmi
  • Lakota (Teton Sioux)
    • Male-bodied: Winkte ("['wants' or 'wishes'] to be [like] [a] woman." A contraction of winyanktehca)
    • Female-bodied: Bloka egla wa ke ("thinks she can act like a man") [editor's note: cited by Beatrice Medicine, its age unknown]
  • Luiseño
    • San Juan Capistrano
      • Male-bodied: Cuit
    • Mountain
      • Male-bodied: Uluqui
  • Maidu
    • Mountain (Northeastern)
      • Male-/Female-bodied: Suku
    • Nisenan (Southern)
      • Male-bodied: Osa'pu (osa = "woman")
  • Mandan
    • Male-bodied: Mihdäckä (mih-ha = "woman")
  • Maricopa
    • Male-bodied: Ǐlyaxai´ ("girlish," impolite) or Yĕsa’a´n ("barren man or woman," polite)
    • Female-bodied: Kwǐraxamĕ´
  • Miami
    • Male-bodied: Waupeengwoatar ("the white face," possibly the name of a particular person who was two-spirit)
  • Mi'kmaq (Micmac)
    • Male-bodied: Geenumu gesallagee ("he loves men," perhaps correctly spelt ji'nmue'sm gesalatl)
  • Miwok
    • Male-bodied: Osabu (osa = "woman")
  • Mohave (Mojave)
    • Maled-bodied: Alyha ("coward")
    • Female-bodied: Hwame
  • Mono (Monache, Western Mono)
    • Male-bodied: Tai´'up
  • Navajo (Navaho)
    • Male-/female-/intersexed-bodied: nádleeh or nádleehé (nominalization of the iterative of a verbal root meaning "to turn," i.e. "permanently changing," read: "emergent")
  • Nomlaki
    • Male-bodied: Walusa ("hermaphrodite"), tôhkêt ("boy who goes around with the women all the time")
  • Nuxálk (Bella Coola)
    • Male-bodied: Sx’ǐnts ("hermaphrodite")
  • Ojibwa (Chippewa)
    • Male-bodied: Egwakwe or Agokwa ("man-woman")
    • Female-bodied: Ogichidaakwe or Okitcitakwe ("warrior woman")
  • Omaha, Osage, Ponca
    • Male-bodied: Mixu’ga ("instructed by the moon," "moon instructed")
  • Otoe (Oto), Kansa (Kaw)
    • Male-bodied: Mixo’ge ("instructed by the moon," "moon instructed")
  • Paiute
    • Northern
      • Male-bodied: Tüdayapi ("dress like other sex")
      • Female-bodied: Moroni noho Tüvasa
    • Owens Valley (Eastern Mono)
      • Male-bodied: Tüdayapi ("dress like other sex")
    • Southern
      • Male-bodied: Tüwasawuts or Ma:ai´pots
  • Patwin
    • Male-bodied: Panaro bobum pi ("he has two [sexes]")
  • Pawnee
    • Skidi
      • Male-bodied: Ku'saat
  • Pomo (Kalekau, Kulanapa)
    • Northern
      • Male-bodied: Das (Da = "woman")
    • Southern
      • Male-bodied: Tǃun
  • Potawatomi
    • Male-bodied: M´netokwe ("supernatural, extraordinary," Manito plus female suffix)
  • Quinault
    • Male-bodied: Keknatsa´nxwixw ("part woman")
    • Female-bodied: Tawkxwa´nsixw ("man-acting")
  • Salinan
    • Male-bodied: Coya
  • Sanpoil
    • Male-bodied: St’a´mia ("hermaphrodite")
  • Sauk (Sac), Fox
    • Male-bodied: I-coo-coo-a ("man-woman") or Äyä‘kwä´
  • Shasta
    • Male-bodied: Gituk’uwahí
  • Shoshone (Snake)
    • Bannock
      • Male-bodied: Tuva'sa ("sterile")
    • Lemhi
      • Male-/Female-bodied: Tübasa
      • Male-bodied: Taikwahni tainnapa'
      • Female-bodied: Waip:ü suŋwe ("woman-half") or taikwahni wa'ippena'
    • Gosiute
      • Male-bodied: Tuvasa
    • Promontory Point
      • Male-bodied: Tubasa waip: ("sterile woman")
    • Nevada
      • Male-bodied: Tainna’wa’ippe ("man-woman") or waip: siŋwa ("half woman")
      • Female-bodied: Nüwüdücka ("female hunter")
  • Takelma
    • Male-bodied: Xa'wisa
  • Tenino (Warmsprings)
    • Male-bodied: Waxlha
  • Tewa (Pueblo)
    • Male-/Female-bodied: Kwidó ("old woman old man")
  • Tiwa (Pueblo)
    • Isleta
      • Male-bodied: Lhunide
  • Tlingit
    • Male-bodied: Gatxan ("coward"), Wⁿcitc ("boy whose sex changes at birth")
  • Tohono O'odham (Papago), Akimel O'odham (Pima)
    • Male-bodied: Wi:k’ovat ("like a girl")
  • Tsimshian
    • Male-bodied: Kanâ'ts
  • Tübatulabal
    • Male-bodied: Huiy
  • Ute
    • Southern
      • Male-bodied: Tuwásawits
  • Wailaki
    • Male-bodied: Clele
  • Wappo
    • Male-bodied: Wós
  • Wishram
    • Male-bodied: Ikǃê´laskait
  • Yuma (Quechan)
    • Male-bodied: Elxa´ ("coward")
    • Female-bodied: Kwe´rhame
  • Yana
    • Male-bodied: Lô´ya
  • Yokuts (Mariposa)
    • Kocheyali
      • Male-bodied: Tonoo'tcim ("undertaker")
    • Paleuyami
      • Male-bodied: Tono'cim (same)
    • Tachi (Tulare)
      • Male-bodied: Tonochim (same), Lokowitnono
    • Michahai
      • Male-bodied: Tono'cim (same)
    • Yaudanchi
      • Male-bodied: Tongochim (same)
    • Waksachi
      • Male-bodied: Tai'yap
  • Yuki
    • Male-bodied: Í-wa-musp ("man-woman")
    • Female-bodied: Musp-íwap náip ("woman man-girl")
  • Yup'ik (Yupiit)
    • Alutiiq (Sugpiaq, Pacific Eskimo, Southern Alaskan Yup'ik)
      • Chugach
        • Male-bodied: Aranu:tiq ("man-woman")
        • Female-bodied: Tyakutyi ("what kind of people are those two")
      • Koniag (Koniagmiut)
        • Male-bodied: Akhnuchik ("man-woman," perhaps spelt the same as the Chugach)
    • Siberian Yup'ik (St. Lawrence Island, Yuit, Western Alaskan Yup'ik)
      • Male-bodied: Anasik or Yuk allakuyaaq ("different, distinct person")
      • Female-bodied: Uktasik
    • Kusquqvagmiut (Kuskowagamiut, Kuskokwim river, Central Alaskan Yup'ik)
      • Male-bodied: Aranaruaq ("woman-like")
      • Female-bodied: Angutnguaq ("man-like")
  • Yurok
    • Male-bodied: Wergern
  • Zapotec
  • Zuñi (Pueblo)
    • Male-bodied: Lha'mana ("behave like a woman")
    • Female-bodied: Katsotse ("boy-girl")

[edit] Two-Spirit like identities outside of North America

[edit] Sources/Recommended literature

  • Bullough, Vern L. & Bonnie. (1993). Crossdressing, Sex, and Gender. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press
  • Cameron, Michelle. (2005). Two-spirited Aboriginal people: Continuing cultural appropriation by non-Aboriginal society. Canadian Women Studies, 24 (2/3), 123-127.
  • Coleman, E. / P. Colgan / L. Gooren. (1992). Male cross-gender behavior in Myanmar (Burma): a description of the acault. Arch. Sex. Behav. 21/3 (Jun 1992): 313-321.
  • Conley, Craig. Oracle of the two-fold deities.
  • Jacobs, Sue-Ellen; Wesley Thomas, and Sabine Lang (Eds.). (1997). Two-spirit people: Native American gender identity, sexuality, and spirituality. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 0-252-02344-7, ISBN 0-252-06645-6.
  • Lang, Sabine. (1998). Men as women, women as men: Changing gender in Native American cultures. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-292-74700-4, ISBN 0-292-74701-2.
  • Medicine, Beatrice. (1997). Changing Native American roles in an urban context and changing Native American sex roles in an urban context. In S.-E. Jacobs, W. Thomas, & S. Lang (Eds.) (pp. 145-148).
  • Roscoe, Will. (1991). The Zuni man-woman. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. ISBN 0-8263-1253-5.
  • Roscoe, Will. (1998). Changing ones: Third and fourth genders in native North America. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-17539-6.
  • Roscoe, Will; & Gay American Indians. (1988). Living the spirit: A gay American Indian anthology. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-01899-1.
  • Rowe, J. Spencer (2005). "The Last of the Dodo's:Voice of the Two Spirit". USA: Lulu Publishing. ISBN 1-4116-2358-4
  • Schaeffer, Claude E. (1965). The Kutenai female berdache. Ethnohistory, 12 (3), 193-236.
  • Schultz, James W. (1916). Blackfeet tales of Glacier National Park. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co.
  • Schultz, James W. (1919). Running Eagle, the warrior girl. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
  • Spanbauer, Tom. (1991). The man who fell in love with the moon: A novel. New York: Atlantic Monthly Press. ISBN 0-87113-468-3.
  • Trexler, Richard C. (1995). Sex and conquest: Gendered violence, political order, and the European conquest of the Americas. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-8014-3224-3.
  • Williams, Walter L. (1986). The spirit and the flesh: Sexual diversity in American Indian cultures. Boston: Beacon Press. ISBN 0-8070-4602-7.
  • Wolf, Rope. Two-spirit: Belonging [Film]
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