esmerar

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Galician[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Old Galician-Portuguese, from Vulgar Latin *exmerāre (“to purify”), from Latin ex merēre.

Pronunciation[edit]

Verb[edit]

esmerar (first-person singular present esmero, first-person singular preterite esmerei, past participle esmerado)

  1. (transitive) to clean, purify
    • c. 1300, R. Martínez López, editor, General Estoria. Versión gallega del siglo XIV, Oviedo: Archivum, page 271:
      cõmo faz a lyma ao ferro, et a fornaz ao ouro que o purga et esmera et o faz puro et paresçe mellor, et cõmo faz outrosi o máále áá messe que a degrana em çeueyra et parte a palla do graão que e o mellor
      as the file does to iron, and the furnace to gold, that purges and cleans it and makes it pure and looks better; and also as the flail does to the harvest, that threshes it into sustenance and parts the straw and the grain, which is the best part
  2. (takes a reflexive pronoun) to work with effort and dedication

Conjugation[edit]

    Conjugation of esmerar
Singular Plural
First-person
(eu) 		Second-person
(ti) 		Third-person
(el / ela / Vde.) 		First-person
(nós) 		Second-person
(vós) 		Third-person
(eles / elas / Vdes.)
Infinitive
Impersonal esmerar
Personal esmerar esmerares esmerar esmerarmos esmerardes esmeraren
Gerund
esmerando
Past participle
Masculine esmerado esmerados
Feminine esmerada esmeradas
Indicative
Present esmero esmeras esmera esmeramos esmerades esmeran
Imperfect esmeraba esmerabas esmeraba esmerabamos esmerabades esmeraban
Preterite esmerei esmeraches esmerou esmeramos esmerastes esmeraron
Pluperfect esmerara esmeraras esmerara esmeraramos esmerarades esmeraran
Future esmerarei esmerarás esmerará esmeraremos esmeraredes esmerarán
Conditional esmeraría esmerarías esmeraría esmerariamos esmerariades esmerarían
Subjunctive
Present esmere esmeres esmere esmeremos esmeredes esmeren
Imperfect esmerase esmerases esmerase esmerásemos esmerásedes esmerasen
Future esmerar esmerares esmerar esmerarmos esmerardes esmeraren
Imperative
Affirmative esmera esmere esmeremos esmerade esmeren
Negative (non) non esmeres non esmere non esmeremos non esmeredes non esmeren
    Reintegrated conjugation of esmerar (See Appendix:Reintegrationism)
Singular Plural
First-person
(eu) 		Second-person
(ti / tu) 		Third-person
(ele / ela / você) 		First-person
(nós) 		Second-person
(vós) 		Third-person
(eles / elas / vocês)
Infinitive
Impersonal esmerar
Personal esmerar esmerares esmerar esmerarmos esmerardes esmerarem
Gerund
esmerando
Past participle
Masculine esmerado esmerados
Feminine esmerada esmeradas
Indicative
Present esmero esmeras esmera esmeramos esmerades, esmerais esmeram
Imperfect esmerava esmeravas esmerava esmerávamos esmerávades, esmeráveis, esmerávais1 esmeravam
Preterite esmerei esmeraste, esmerache1 esmerou esmeramos esmerastes esmerárom, esmeraram
Pluperfect esmerara esmeraras esmerara esmeráramos esmerárades, esmeráreis, esmerárais1 esmeraram
Future esmerarei esmerarás esmerará esmeraremos esmeraredes, esmerareis esmerarám, esmerarão
Conditional esmeraria esmerarias esmeraria esmeraríamos esmeraríades, esmeraríeis, esmeraríais1 esmerariam
Subjunctive
Present esmere esmeres esmere esmeremos esmeredes, esmereis esmerem
Imperfect esmerasse esmerasses esmerasse esmerássemos esmerássedes, esmerásseis esmerassem
Future esmerar esmerares esmerar esmerarmos esmerardes esmerarem
Imperative
Affirmative esmera esmere esmeremos esmerade, esmerai esmerem
Negative (nom) nom esmeres nom esmere nom esmeremos nom esmeredes, nom esmereis nom esmerem

1Less recommended.

Derived terms[edit]

References[edit]

  • “esmerar” in Dicionario de Dicionarios do galego medieval, SLI - ILGA 2006–2022.
  • “esmer” in Xavier Varela Barreiro & Xavier Gómez Guinovart: Corpus Xelmírez - Corpus lingüístico da Galicia medieval. SLI / Grupo TALG / ILG, 2006–2018.
  • “esmerar” in Dicionario de Dicionarios da lingua galega, SLI - ILGA 2006–2013.
  • “esmerar” in Dicionario da Real Academia Galega, Royal Galician Academy.
  • “esmerar” in Tesouro informatizado da lingua galega. Santiago: ILG.

Portuguese[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Vulgar Latin *exmerāre (“to purify”), from Latin ex merēre. Compare Spanish esmerar.

Pronunciation[edit]

 
  • (Brazil) IPA(key): /iz.meˈɾa(ʁ)/ [iz.meˈɾa(h)], /ez.meˈɾa(ʁ)/ [ez.meˈɾa(h)]
 

  • Hyphenation: es‧me‧rar

Verb[edit]

esmerar (first-person singular present esmero, first-person singular preterite esmerei, past participle esmerado)

  1. to hone (to refine or master a skill)
    Synonyms: aperfeiçoar, apurar

Conjugation[edit]

    Conjugation of esmerar (See Appendix:Portuguese verbs)
Singular Plural
First-person
(eu) 		Second-person
(tu) 		Third-person
(ele / ela / você) 		First-person
(nós) 		Second-person
(vós) 		Third-person
(eles / elas / vocês)
Infinitive
Impersonal esmerar
Personal esmerar esmerares esmerar esmerarmos esmerardes esmerarem
Gerund
esmerando
Past participle
Masculine esmerado esmerados
Feminine esmerada esmeradas
Indicative
Present esmero esmeras esmera esmeramos esmerais esmeram
Imperfect esmerava esmeravas esmerava esmerávamos esmeráveis esmeravam
Preterite esmerei esmeraste esmerou esmeramos1, esmerámos2 esmerastes esmeraram
Pluperfect esmerara esmeraras esmerara esmeráramos esmeráreis esmeraram
Future esmerarei esmerarás esmerará esmeraremos esmerareis esmerarão
Conditional esmeraria esmerarias esmeraria esmeraríamos esmeraríeis esmerariam
Subjunctive
Present esmere esmeres esmere esmeremos esmereis esmerem
Imperfect esmerasse esmerasses esmerasse esmerássemos esmerásseis esmerassem
Future esmerar esmerares esmerar esmerarmos esmerardes esmerarem
Imperative
Affirmative esmera esmere esmeremos esmerai esmerem
Negative (não) não esmeres não esmere não esmeremos não esmereis não esmerem

1Brazilian Portuguese.
2European Portuguese.

Derived terms[edit]

Further reading[edit]

Spanish[edit]

Etymology[edit]

Inherited from Vulgar Latin *exmerāre (“to purify”).

Pronunciation[edit]

  • IPA(key): /esmeˈɾaɾ/ [ez.meˈɾaɾ]
  • Rhymes: -aɾ
  • Syllabification: es‧me‧rar

Verb[edit]

esmerar (first-person singular present esmero, first-person singular preterite esmeré, past participle esmerado)

  1. (transitive) to clean
    Synonyms: pulir, limpiar, ilustrar
  2. (takes a reflexive pronoun) to hone, to painstakingly do something

Conjugation[edit]

    Conjugation of esmerar (See Appendix:Spanish verbs)
infinitive esmerar
gerund esmerando
past participle masculine feminine
singular esmerado esmerada
plural esmerados esmeradas
singular plural
1st person 2nd person 3rd person 1st person 2nd person 3rd person
indicative yo tú
vos 		él/ella/ello
usted 		nosotros
nosotras 		vosotros
vosotras 		ellos/ellas
ustedes
present esmero esmerastú
esmerásvos 		esmera esmeramos esmeráis esmeran
imperfect esmeraba esmerabas esmeraba esmerábamos esmerabais esmeraban
preterite esmeré esmeraste esmeró esmeramos esmerasteis esmeraron
future esmeraré esmerarás esmerará esmeraremos esmeraréis esmerarán
conditional esmeraría esmerarías esmeraría esmeraríamos esmeraríais esmerarían
subjunctive yo tú
vos 		él/ella/ello
usted 		nosotros
nosotras 		vosotros
vosotras 		ellos/ellas
ustedes
present esmere esmerestú
esmerésvos2 		esmere esmeremos esmeréis esmeren
imperfect
(ra) 		esmerara esmeraras esmerara esmeráramos esmerarais esmeraran
imperfect
(se) 		esmerase esmerases esmerase esmerásemos esmeraseis esmerasen
future1 esmerare esmerares esmerare esmeráremos esmerareis esmeraren
imperative — tú
vos 		usted nosotros
nosotras 		vosotros
vosotras 		ustedes
affirmative esmeratú
esmerávos 		esmere esmeremos esmerad esmeren
negative no esmeres no esmere no esmeremos no esmeréis no esmeren

1Mostly obsolete, now mainly used in legal language.
2Argentine and Uruguayan voseo prefers the tú form for the present subjunctive.

    Selected combined forms of esmerar

These forms are generated automatically and may not actually be used. Pronoun usage varies by region.

singular plural
1st person 2nd person 3rd person 1st person 2nd person 3rd person
with infinitive esmerar
dative esmerarme esmerarte esmerarle, esmerarse esmerarnos esmeraros esmerarles, esmerarse
accusative esmerarme esmerarte esmerarlo, esmerarla, esmerarse esmerarnos esmeraros esmerarlos, esmerarlas, esmerarse
with gerund esmerando
dative esmerándome esmerándote esmerándole, esmerándose esmerándonos esmerándoos esmerándoles, esmerándose
accusative esmerándome esmerándote esmerándolo, esmerándola, esmerándose esmerándonos esmerándoos esmerándolos, esmerándolas, esmerándose
with informal second-person singular tú imperative esmera
dative esmérame esmérate esmérale esméranos not used esmérales
accusative esmérame esmérate esméralo, esmérala esméranos not used esméralos, esméralas
with informal second-person singular vos imperative esmerá
dative esmerame esmerate esmerale esmeranos not used esmerales
accusative esmerame esmerate esmeralo, esmerala esmeranos not used esmeralos, esmeralas
with formal second-person singular imperative esmere
dative esméreme not used esmérele, esmérese esmérenos not used esméreles
accusative esméreme not used esmérelo, esmérela, esmérese esmérenos not used esmérelos, esmérelas
with first-person plural imperative esmeremos
dative not used esmerémoste esmerémosle esmerémonos esmerémoos esmerémosles
accusative not used esmerémoste esmerémoslo, esmerémosla esmerémonos esmerémoos esmerémoslos, esmerémoslas
with informal second-person plural imperative esmerad
dative esmeradme not used esmeradle esmeradnos esmeraos esmeradles
accusative esmeradme not used esmeradlo, esmeradla esmeradnos esmeraos esmeradlos, esmeradlas
with formal second-person plural imperative esmeren
dative esmérenme not used esmérenle esmérennos not used esmérenles, esmérense
accusative esmérenme not used esmérenlo, esmérenla esmérennos not used esmérenlos, esmérenlas, esmérense

Derived terms[edit]

Further reading[edit]

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