jqr

Egyptian

Etymology

Perhaps from a form such as Proto-Afroasiatic *waqar-; compare Hebrew יָקָר (yāqār, “expensive, precious”).

Pronunciation

 

• (noun): (reconstructed) IPA^(key): /ˈjaːqʼaɾ/ → /ˈjaːqʼaʔ/ → /ˈjaːqʼa/ → /ˈjoːqʼə/

• (noun): (Old Egyptian, c. 2500 BCE) IPA^(key): /ˈjaːqʼaɾ/
• (noun): (Middle Egyptian, c. 1700 BCE) IPA^(key): /ˈjaːqʼaʔ/
• (noun): (Amarna-period Late Egyptian, c. 1350 BCE) IPA^(key): /ˈjaːqʼa/
• (noun): (latest Late Egyptian, c. 800 BCE) IPA^(key): /ˈjoːqʼə/

 

• (adjective): (reconstructed) IPA^(key): /ˈjaːqʼiɾ/ → /ˈjaːqʼiʔ/ → /ˈjaːqʼa/ → /ˈjoːqʼə/

• (adjective): (Old Egyptian, c. 2500 BCE) IPA^(key): /ˈjaːqʼiɾ/
• (adjective): (Middle Egyptian, c. 1700 BCE) IPA^(key): /ˈjaːqʼiʔ/
• (adjective): (Amarna-period Late Egyptian, c. 1350 BCE) IPA^(key): /ˈjaːqʼa/
• (adjective): (latest Late Egyptian, c. 800 BCE) IPA^(key): /ˈjoːqʼə/

• (modern Egyptological) IPA^(key): /ikɛr/
  • Conventional anglicization: iqer

Verb

 3-lit.

1. (intransitive) to be(come) excellent, worthy, or irreproachable
   • Reign of Amenemhat II or Senusret II, c. 1929–1878 BCE, Stela of Hekaib (Rijksmuseum van Oudheden, AP 78):

     jnk nḏs jqr ḏd m r(ꜣ).f

     I was an excellent individual, one who spoke with his own mouth.

2. (intransitive) to be(come) reliable, trustworthy, or dependable

Inflection

Conjugation of jqr (triliteral / 3-lit. / 3rad.) — base stem: jqr, geminated stem: jqrr

infinitival forms			imperative
infinitive	negatival complement	complementary infinitive1	singular	plural
jqr	jqrw, jqr	jqrt	jqr	jqr

‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem	periphrastic imperfective2		periphrastic prospective2
jqr	ḥr jqr	m jqr	r jqr

suffix conjugation
aspect / mood	active	contingent
		aspect / mood	active
perfect	jqr.n	consecutive	jqr.jn
terminative	jqrt
perfective3	jqr	obligative1	jqr.ḫr
imperfective	jqr
prospective3	jqr	potentialis1	jqr.kꜣ
subjunctive	jqr

verbal adjectives
aspect / mood	relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms	participles
	active	active	passive
perfect	jqr.n	—	—
perfective	jqr	jqr	jqr, jqrw5, jqry5
imperfective	jqr, jqry, jqrw5	jqr, jqrj6, jqry6	jqr, jqrw5
prospective	jqr, jqrtj7	jqrtj4, jqrt4
Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. Only in the masculine singular. Only in the masculine. Only in the feminine.

Alternative forms

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of jqr  

jqr	jq

Derived terms

• nt-jqr.t
• r jqr

Adjective

1. perfective active participle of jqr: excellent, worthy, reliable

Inflection

Declension of jqr (perfective active participle)

	masculine	feminine
singular	jqr	jqrt
dual	jqrwj	jqrtj
plural	jqrw	jqrwt1, jqrt2
Archaic in Middle Egyptian when modifying a noun. From Middle Egyptian, this feminine singular form was generally used for the plural. In Late Egyptian, the masculine singular form was used with all nouns.

Alternative forms

See under the verb above.

Adverb

1. very, exceedingly

Alternative forms

See under the verb above.

References

• Erman, Adolf, Grapow, Hermann (1926) Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache‎^[1], volume 1, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, →ISBN, pages 137.1–137.20, 138.1
• Faulkner, Raymond Oliver (1962) A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian, Oxford: Griffith Institute, →ISBN, pages 31–32
• James P[eter] Allen (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 293.
• Hoch, James (1997) Middle Egyptian Grammar, Mississauga: Benben Publications, →ISBN, page 54