macula

See also: Macula and mácula

English[edit]

English Wikipedia has an article on:

Macula of retina

Etymology[edit]

From Middle English macula (“spot on the skin or in the eye”), borrowed from Latin macula (“spot, stain”). Doublet of macchia.

Pronunciation[edit]

IPA^(key): /ˈmækjʊlə/

Noun[edit]

macula (plural maculas or maculae)

(anatomy) An oval yellow spot near the center of the retina of the human eye, histologically defined as having two or more layers of ganglion cells, responsible for detailed central vision.
(anatomy, biology) A small chamber of the inner ear of certain vertebrates filled with endolymph and containing an otolith.
A spot, as on the skin, or on the surface of the sun or of some other luminous orb.
A rather large spot or blotch of color.
In planetary geology, an unusually dark area on the surface of a planet or moon.

Derived terms[edit]

lagenar macula

Related terms[edit]

(oval yellow spot near the center of the retina): macula lutea, macular

Translations[edit]

anatomy: yellow spot near the center of retina

Catalan: màcula (ca)
Chinese:
Mandarin: 黃斑／黄斑 (zh) (huángbān)
Czech: žlutá skvrna f
Dutch: gele vlek m or f, macula (nl) f
Finnish: keltatäplä
French: macula (fr) f, macula lutea f
German: Gelber Fleck m
Greek: ωχρή κηλίδα f (ochrí kilída)
Ido: makulo (io)
Italian: macula (it) f
Japanese: 黄斑 (ja) (おうはん, ōhan)
Persian: لکهٔ زرد (fa) (lakke-ye zard)
Portuguese: mácula (pt) f
Russian: жёлтое пятно́ n (žóltoje pjatnó), ма́кула (ru) f (mákula)

spot

Bulgarian: петно (bg) n (petno)
Finnish: täplä (fi); pilkku (fi) (in the sun)
Ido: makulo (io)
Portuguese: mácula (pt) f, mancha (pt) f

large blot or splotch

Bulgarian: петно (bg) n (petno)
Finnish: läiskä (fi), läikkä (fi)
Italian: macula (it) f
Portuguese: mancha (pt) f

planetary geology: dark area on the surface of planet or moon

Finnish: pilkku (fi), täplä (fi), alue (fi) (depending on relative size)

Catalan[edit]

Verb[edit]

macula

inflection of macular:
1. third-person singular present indicative
2. second-person singular imperative

French[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Audio (file)

Verb[edit]

macula

third-person singular past historic of maculer

Italian[edit]

Alternative forms[edit]

macola

Etymology[edit]

Borrowed from Latin macula, whence also the inherited doublet macchia.

Pronunciation[edit]

IPA^(key): /ˈma.ku.la/
Rhymes: -akula
Hyphenation: mà‧cu‧la

Noun[edit]

macula f (plural macule)

Synonyms[edit]

(stain, blot): macchia

Related terms[edit]

maculopatia

Anagrams[edit]

caluma, lumaca

Latin[edit]

Alternative forms[edit]

(Medieval Latin) macla

Etymology[edit]

From Proto-Italic *smatlom, from Proto-Indo-European *smh₂-tló-m (possibly meaning “wiping”); related to Ancient Greek σμάω (smáō, “I wipe clean, cleanse”).^[1]

Pronunciation[edit]

macula: (Classical) IPA^(key): /ˈma.ku.la/, [ˈmäkʊɫ̪ä]
macula: (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /ˈma.ku.la/, [ˈmäːkulä]
maculā: (Classical) IPA^(key): /ˈma.ku.laː/, [ˈmäkʊɫ̪äː]
maculā: (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /ˈma.ku.la/, [ˈmäːkulä]

Noun[edit]

macula f (genitive maculae); first declension

in a bad sense
1. (literally and in general) a spot, speck, small mark or stain
  1. (literally and in particular) a disfiguring spot, stain, or blemish
    1. (on the skin) a blemish, temporary or permanent (for example, a bruise, freckle, mole, birthmark, etc.)
    2. (on a garment) a stain, an area of soiling or defilement
2. (figuratively) a fault or blemish, a blot on one’s character
3. (transferred sense) a mark of shame or disgrace; a stigma, brand, or blight
in a neutral sense
1. any kind of marking or point of variegation; a speckle, spot, patch, line, or similar
  1. on the skin or coat of an animal
  2. on the leaves of a plant
2. (transferred sense) a mesh in a net, a cell in a network, or a hole in a web
  1. (Medieval Latin, in particular) a cell in a coat of mail, a ring of mail armour
  2. (Medieval Latin, transferred sense) a link in a chain

Declension[edit]

First-declension noun.

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	macula	maculae
Genitive	maculae	maculārum
Dative	maculae	maculīs
Accusative	maculam	maculās
Ablative	maculā	maculīs
Vocative	macula	maculae

Derived terms[edit]

Descendants[edit]

Vulgar Latin: *macla
- Italo-Romance
  - Corsican: macchia, machja
    - → English: macchia
    - → French: maquis (see there for further descendants)
    - → German: Macchie
  - Italian: macchia
  - Sicilian: macchia (dialectal)
- Padanian:
  - Emilian: macia
  - Friulian: magle
  - Lombard: màcia, màgia
  - Romagnol: macia
  - Venetian: macia
  - From ⇒ Vulgar Latin: *exmacla
    - Emilian: smacia
    - Lombard: smagia
  - Unclear borrowings (Probably through another Padanian language):
    - → Ligurian: màccia
    - → Piedmontese: macia
- Northern Gallo-Romance:
  - Old French: maille
    - French: maille
    - → Middle English: mayle, mail, maile, maille, male, mayl, mayll, maylle, meile
      - English: mail
      - Scots: mail
    - → Old Galician-Portuguese: malla (“mesh”)
      - Galician: malla
      - Portuguese: malha
- Southern Gallo-Romance:
  - Aragonese: malla
  - Catalan: malla
  - Occitan: malha
    - → Italian: maglia
    - → Sicilian: magghia
- Ibero-romance:
  - → Asturian: macla (semi-learned)
  - Old Galician-Portuguese: malla (“stain”)
    - Galician: malla
    - Portuguese: malha
Vulgar Latin: *mancla
- Asturian: mancha
- Galician: mancha
- Portuguese: mancha
- Spanish: mancha → mangla (semi-learned)
  - → Portuguese: mangra

Borrowings

→ Catalan: màcula
→ Czech: machule
→ Dutch: macula
→ Galician: mágoa (semi-learned)
→ Italian: macula
→ Middle English: macula, macule
- English: macula
→ Middle French: macule
- French: macule
- → English: macule, mackle
→ Old Irish: mocoll
- Irish: mogall
→ Old High German: makel
- German: Makel
→ Portuguese: mácula; mágoa (semi-learned)
→ Russian: макула (makula)
→ Sicilian: màcula
→ Spanish: mácula
→ Slovak: machuľa

References[edit]

“măcŭla”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
“macula”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
macula in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
măcŭla in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette, page 935/2.
Carl Meißner, Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book‎^[1], London: Macmillan and Co.
- to blot out a reproach: maculam (conceptam) delere, eluere
- (ambiguous) to sully one's fair fame: vitae splendori(em) maculas(is) aspergere
“macula” on pages 1,058–1,059 of the Oxford Latin Dictionary (1st ed., 1968–82)
Niermeyer, Jan Frederik (1976) “macula, macla”, in Mediae Latinitatis Lexicon Minus, Leiden, Boston: E. J. Brill, page 624/1

^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “macula”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 357-8

Middle English[edit]

Alternative forms[edit]

macule

Etymology[edit]

Borrowed from Latin macula. Doublet of mayle.

Pronunciation[edit]

IPA^(key): /ˈmakiu̯la/

Noun[edit]

macula (plural maculas)

(Late Middle English, rare) A lesion on the eye or skin.

Descendants[edit]

English: macula

References[edit]

“macula, n.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007, retrieved 2018-07-09.

Portuguese[edit]

Verb[edit]

macula

inflection of macular:
1. third-person singular present indicative
2. second-person singular imperative

Romanian[edit]

Etymology[edit]

Borrowed from Latin maculare or French maculer.

Pronunciation[edit]

IPA^(key): /ma.kuˈla/

Verb[edit]

a macula (third-person singular present maculează, past participle maculat) 1st conj.

to mark, to spoil

Conjugation[edit]

conjugation of macula (first conjugation, -ez- infix)

number		singular			plural
infinitive			a macula
gerund			maculând
past participle			maculat
person		1st person	2nd person	3rd person	1st person	2nd person	3rd person
indicative		eu	tu	el/ea	noi	voi	ei/ele
	present	maculez	maculezi	maculează	maculăm	maculați	maculează
	imperfect	maculam	maculai	macula	maculam	maculați	maculau
	simple perfect	maculai	maculași	maculă	macularăm	macularăți	maculară
	pluperfect	maculasem	maculaseși	maculase	maculaserăm	maculaserăți	maculaseră
subjunctive		eu	tu	el/ea	noi	voi	ei/ele
subjunctive	present	să maculez	să maculezi	să maculeze	să maculăm	să maculați	să maculeze
imperative		—	tu	—	—	voi	—
	affirmative		maculează			maculați
	negative		nu macula			nu maculați

Spanish[edit]

Verb[edit]

macula

inflection of macular:
1. third-person singular present indicative
2. second-person singular imperative

[1] De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “macula”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 357-8

[1]

macula

English[edit]

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Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

Derived terms[edit]

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Translations[edit]

Further reading[edit]

Catalan[edit]

Verb[edit]

French[edit]

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Verb[edit]

Italian[edit]

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Etymology[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

Synonyms[edit]

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Further reading[edit]

Anagrams[edit]

Latin[edit]

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Etymology[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

Declension[edit]

Derived terms[edit]

Descendants[edit]

References[edit]

Middle English[edit]

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Etymology[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

Descendants[edit]

References[edit]

Portuguese[edit]

Verb[edit]

Romanian[edit]

Etymology[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Verb[edit]

Conjugation[edit]

Further reading[edit]

Spanish[edit]

Verb[edit]

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