marakaîá

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Old Tupi

marakaîá (Leopardus tigrinus)

Alternative forms

maragûaó

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Tupi-Guarani *marakaja.

Cognate with Guaraní mbarakaja.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [ma.ɾa.kaˈja]
Rhymes: -a
Hyphenation: ma‧ra‧ka‧îá

Noun

marakaîá (unpossessable)

small spotted cat of the genus Leopardus.^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4] Further details are uncertain. Possibilities include:
Synonym: marakaîaeté
1. margay (Leopardus wiedii)
2. ocelot (Leopardus pardalis)
  Synonyms: marakaîagûasu, *îagûatyryka
3. oncilla (Leopardus tigrinus)
(Late Tupi) domestic cat (Felis catus)^[3]
Synonyms: marakaîamimbaba, bixana
(now historical) Maracajá, an indigenous people enemy to the Tupinambá^[5]
- 1578, Jean de Léry, chapter XIX, in Histoire d'un voyage fait en la terre du Bresil, autrement dite Amerique [History of a voyage to the land of Brazil, also called America] (overall work in Middle French and Old Tupi), La Rochelle: Antoine Chuppin, page 354:
  Mara-pé perouagérrè-rèrè?
  Margaiat […]
  [— Marãpe pe robaîara rera?
  — Marakaîá […] ]
  — What are your enemies' names?
  — Maracajá […]

Usage notes

With the advent of colonization, Tupians used the names of similar native animals to call the unknown species brought by the Europeans. Neologisms were then created by using eté (“true”) and eŷmbaba／mimbaba (“domestic animal”) as a form to differentiate the old and new species, respectively.

Coordinate terms

(felids) îagûara (îagûarakangusu, îagûareté, *îagûaruna, îagûarusu), marakaîá (bixana, *îagûatyryka, marakaîaeté, marakaîagûasu, marakaîamimbaba, marakaîamirĩ), sûasuarana (îagûapytangusu)

Derived terms

Descendants

Nheengatu: marakayá
→ Portuguese: maracajá, ⇒ gato-maracajá

References

^ Gabriel Soares de Sousa (1587) chapter XCVIII, in Noticia do Brasil (overall work in Portuguese); republished as Francisco Adolpho de Varnhagen, editor, Tratado descriptivo do Brazil em 1587, Rio de Janeiro: Laemmert, 1851, page 247: “Maracajás [Marakaîá]”
^ Claude d'Abbeville (1614) chapter XLI, in Hiſtoire de la Miſsion des Peres Capucins en L’Iſle de Maragnan et terres circonuoiſines [History of the Mission of the Capuchin Fathers in the Island of Maranhão and surrounding lands] (overall work in French), Paris: Imprimerie de François Huby, page 251v: “Margaia [Mar[a]kaîá]”
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 anonymous author (1622) “Gato”, in Vocabulario na lingoa Braſilica (overall work in Portuguese), Piratininga; republished as Carlos Drummond, editor, Vocabulário na Língua Brasílica, 2nd edition, volume 1, São Paulo: USP, 1953, page 147: “Maracaya [Marakaîá]”
^ Georg Marcgrave, Willem Piso (1648) chapter IX, in Historia Naturalis Brasiliae [Brazilian Natural History], volume VI (overall work in Latin), Amsterdam: Elzevir, page 233: “Maracaia”
^ Hans Staden (1557) chapter XXVIII, in Warhaftige [Hiſtoria und] beſchꝛeibung eyner Landtſchafft der wilden nacketen/grimmigen menſchfreſſer leuthen/in der newenwelt America gelegen [True history and description of a land of wild, naked, fierce man-eating people located in the New World of America] (overall work in German), Marburg: Andreas Kolbe, unnumbered page: “Markayas [Marakaîá]”

Eduardo de Almeida Navarro (2013) “marakaîá”, in Dicionário de tupi antigo: a língua indígena clássica do Brasil [Dictionary of Old Tupi: the classical indigenous language of Brazil] (overall work in Portuguese), São Paulo: Global, →ISBN, page 261, column 2
Nelson Papavero, Dante Martins Teixeira (2014) “Catálogo da fauna da costa brasileira no século XVI com os nomes tupis registrados pelos autores europeus [16th century catalogue of the Brazilian coast's fauna as documented by European authors]”, in Zoonímia tupi nos escritos quinhentistas europeus [Tupian zoonymy in 16th century European writings] (Arquivos NEHiLP; 3) (overall work in Portuguese), São Paulo: FFLCH-USP, →DOI, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 250

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Nheengatu terms in nonstandard scripts