obywatel

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Polish[edit]

Etymology[edit]

Borrowed from Czech obyvatel.[1][2][3] Displaced Middle Polish obywaciel due to Czech and Ukrainian influence. First attested in 1511–1540.[4] Compare Slovak obyvateľ, Russian обыва́тель (obyvátelʹ).

Pronunciation[edit]

  • IPA(key): /ɔ.bɨˈva.tɛl/
  • (Middle Polish) IPA(key): /ɔ.bɨˈva.tel/
  • Audio(file)
  • Rhymes: -atɛl
  • Syllabification: o‧by‧wa‧tel

Noun[edit]

obywatel m pers (female equivalent obywatelka, related adjective obywatelski)

  1. citizen (legally-recognized subject or national of a state, with associated rights and obligations; a person considered in terms of this role)
    Synonym: (Middle Polish) obywaciel
  2. (literary) citizen (resident of a city or town, especially one with legally-recognized rights or duties)
  3. (historical) term of respect used for men chiefly during the Polish People's Republic era
    Synonym: pan

Declension[edit]

Declension of obywatel
singular plural
nominative obywatel obywatele
genitive obywatela obywateli
dative obywatelowi obywatelom
accusative obywatela obywateli
instrumental obywatelem obywatelami
locative obywatelu obywatelach
vocative obywatelu obywatele

Derived terms[edit]

nouns

Related terms[edit]

adjectives
adverbs
nouns
verbs

Descendants[edit]

  • → Kashubian: òbëwatel
  • → Masurian: ôbiwatel
  • → Silesian: ôbywatel

Trivia[edit]

According to Słownik frekwencyjny polszczyzny współczesnej (1990), obywatel is one of the most used words in Polish, appearing 6 times in scientific texts, 21 times in news, 58 times in essays, 9 times in fiction, and 20 times in plays, each out of a corpus of 100,000 words, totaling 114 times, making it the 535th most common word in a corpus of 500,000 words.[5]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Boryś, Wiesław (2005) “obywatel”, in Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego (in Polish), Kraków: Wydawnictwo Literackie, →ISBN
  2. ^ Mańczak, Witold (2017) “obywatel”, in Polski słownik etymologiczny (in Polish), Kraków: Polska Akademia Umiejętności, →ISBN
  3. ^ Bańkowski, Andrzej (2000) “obywatel”, in Etymologiczny słownik języka polskiego [Etymological Dictionary of the Polish Language] (in Polish)
  4. ^ Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “obywatel”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]
  5. ^ Ida Kurcz (1990) “obywatel”, in Słownik frekwencyjny polszczyzny współczesnej [Frequency dictionary of the Polish language]‎[1] (in Polish), volume 1, Kraków, Warszawa: Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Języka Polskiego, page 307

Further reading[edit]

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