šķīsts
Latvian[edit]
Etymology[edit]
From the verb šķīst (“to become liquid; to melt; to dissolve; to disintegrate”), earlier meaning “to clean” (q.v.), of which it was originally the past participle; this verb, in turn, comes from *skīsti, from *skid-ti, from Proto-Baltic *skeyd, *skīd-, *skid-, possibly from a kʷʰ-initial phonological variant of Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰéy- (“clear, light, shiny”) with an extra d (the initial s being probably an s-mobile); the meaning evolved from “clear” to “liquid” (via “clean”). Some researchers suggest a different source: Proto-Indo-European *skey-, *skēy- (“to cut, to split”) with an extra -d; in this case, the semantic evolution would have been “to cut, to split” > “to move quickly in all directions” > “to splash” > “to be (like) a liquid” (whence “clear, clean”). Cognates include Lithuanian skýstas (“thin”) (of liquids), Old Prussian skijstan (“clean”) (accusative), Proto-Slavic *čistъ (“clean, pure”) (Russian чи́стый (čístyj), Ukrainian чи́стий (čýstyj), Bulgarian чист (čist), Czech čistý, Polish czysty).[1]
Pronunciation[edit]
Adjective[edit]
šķīsts (definite šķīstais, comparative šķīstāks, superlative visšķīstākais, adverb šķīsti)
- (religion) pure, immaculate, without sin (who never sinned; who was purified, who had his/her sins forgiven)
- šķīsts ticīgais ― pure believer
- (morally) pure, virtuous (who follows high moral standards)
- nekas, pēc viņas domām, nebija tik šķīsts un dievišķīgs kā viņas pirmā mīlestība ― nothing, in her opinino, was as pure and divine as her first love
- puisis šķīstā jaunības dedzībā godīgi izstāstīja visu dzirdēto ― the young man, in the virtuous enthusiasm of youth, repeated truthfully all he had heard
- ai daktera kungs, manam bērnam gan nav pērļu un dārgu akmeņu, bet viņas rota ir viņas tikums un šķīstā sirds ― oh, doctor, my child does not have pearls and precious stones; his playthings are his honesty and his pure, virtuous heart
- virgin, virginal, chaste (not having had sex yet; who refrains voluntarily from having sex)
- tu gan izliecies aplam šķīsta jaunava; varbūt arī tāda esi? ― you have deviated wrongly (= to the wrong path), chaste young woman; are you maybe (still) such (= chaste)?
- (dated sense, usually about clothes, body) clean
- labi izmazgātie un izvelētie, šķīstu mirdzumu starojošie linu krekli ― well washed, well cleaned shirts, having (lit. radiating) a clean shine
Declension[edit]
| masculine (vīriešu dzimte) | feminine (sieviešu dzimte) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| singular (vienskaitlis) |
plural (daudzskaitlis) |
singular (vienskaitlis) |
plural (daudzskaitlis) | ||||||
| nominative (nominatīvs) | šķīsts | šķīsti | šķīsta | šķīstas | |||||
| accusative (akuzatīvs) | šķīstu | šķīstus | šķīstu | šķīstas | |||||
| genitive (ģenitīvs) | šķīsta | šķīstu | šķīstas | šķīstu | |||||
| dative (datīvs) | šķīstam | šķīstiem | šķīstai | šķīstām | |||||
| instrumental (instrumentālis) | šķīstu | šķīstiem | šķīstu | šķīstām | |||||
| locative (lokatīvs) | šķīstā | šķīstos | šķīstā | šķīstās | |||||
| vocative (vokatīvs) | — | — | — | — | |||||
Synonyms[edit]
- (of "pure", "virtuous"): tikumīgs, nevainīgs, tīrs
- (of "virgin"): jaunavīgs, nevainīgs
- (of "clean"): tīrs
Derived terms[edit]
Related terms[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ Karulis, Konstantīns (1992) “šķīst”, in Latviešu Etimoloģijas Vārdnīca (in Latvian), Rīga: AVOTS, →ISBN