仁愛

See also: 仁爱

Chinese

		humane; kernel	to love; affection; to be fond of to love; affection; to be fond of; to like
trad. (仁愛)		仁	愛
simp. (仁爱)		仁	爱

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): rén'ài

  (Zhuyin): ㄖㄣˊ ㄞˋ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): jan⁴ oi³
• Hakka (Sixian, PFS): yìn-oi
• Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): jîn-ài / lîn-ài

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: rén'ài
    • Zhuyin: ㄖㄣˊ ㄞˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: rén-ài
    • Wade–Giles: jên²-ai⁴
    • Yale: rén-ài
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: renay
    • Palladius: жэньай (žɛnʹaj)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʐən³⁵ ˀaɪ̯⁵¹/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: jan⁴ oi³
    • Yale: yàhn oi
    • Cantonese Pinyin: jan⁴ oi³
    • Guangdong Romanization: yen⁴ oi³
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /jɐn²¹ ɔːi̯³³/
• Hakka
  • (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yìn-oi
    • Hakka Romanization System: inˇ oi
    • Hagfa Pinyim: yin² oi⁴
    • Sinological IPA: /in¹¹ oi̯⁵⁵/
  • (Southern Sixian, incl. Meinong)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yìn-oi
    • Hakka Romanization System: (r)inˇ oi
    • Hagfa Pinyim: yin² oi⁴
    • Sinological IPA: /(j)in¹¹ oi̯⁵⁵/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Zhangzhou, Kaohsiung)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: jîn-ài
    • Tâi-lô: jîn-ài
    • Phofsit Daibuun: jin'aix
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /d͡zin¹³⁻²² ai²¹/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /zin²³⁻³³ ai²¹/
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Taipei)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lîn-ài
    • Tâi-lô: lîn-ài
    • Phofsit Daibuun: lin'aix
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /lin²⁴⁻²² ai⁴¹/
    • IPA (Xiamen): /lin²⁴⁻²² ai²¹/
    • IPA (Taipei): /lin²⁴⁻¹¹ ai¹¹/

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• Middle Chinese: nyin 'ojH

Rime
Character	仁	愛
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	日 (38)	影 (34)
Final (韻)	眞 (43)	咍 (41)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	III	I
Fanqie	如鄰切	烏代切
Baxter	nyin	'ojH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ȵiɪn/	/ʔʌiH/
Pan Wuyun	/ȵin/	/ʔəiH/
Shao Rongfen	/ȵʑjen/	/ʔɒiH/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ȵin/	/ʔəjH/
Li Rong	/ȵiĕn/	/ʔᴀiH/
Wang Li	/ȵʑĭĕn/	/ɒiH/
Bernard Karlgren	/ȵʑi̯ĕn/	/ʔɑ̆iH/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	rén	ài
Expected Cantonese Reflex	jan4	oi3

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*niŋ  [q]ˤə[p]-s/

  (Zhengzhang): /*njin  qɯːds/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	仁	愛
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	rén	ài
Middle Chinese	‹ nyin ›	‹ ʔojH ›
Old Chinese	/*niŋ/	/*[q]ˁə[p]-s/
English	kind	to love; to grudge (< ‘draw close to oneself’?)
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	仁	愛
Reading #	1/1	1/1
No.	10801	1
Phonetic component	人	愛
Rime group	眞	隊
Rime subdivision	1	1
Corresponding MC rime	仁	愛
Old Chinese	/*njin/	/*qɯːds/
Notes		說文本從心旡聲

Adjective

仁愛

1. benevolent; kindhearted

   • 堯立孝慈仁愛，使民如子弟。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     尧立孝慈仁爱，使民如子弟。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: Huainanzi, 2^nd century BCE

     Yáo lì xiàocí rén'ài, shǐmín rú zǐdì. [Pinyin]

     (please add an English translation of this usage example)

Synonyms

• 仁和 (rénhé) (literary)
• 仁慈 (réncí)
• 友善 (yǒushàn)
• 可親／可亲 (kěqīn)
• 和善 (héshàn)
• 和氣／和气
• 和藹／和蔼 (hé'ǎi)
• 善良 (shànliáng)
• 好心 (hǎoxīn)
• 惠 (huì) (literary, or in compounds)
• 惠愛／惠爱 (huì'ài) (literary)
• 慈愛／慈爱 (cí'ài)
• 慈祥 (cíxiáng)
• 祥和 (xiánghé)
• 腍善 (nam⁴ sin⁶) (Cantonese)
• 藹然／蔼然 (ǎirán) (literary)
• 隨和／随和

 

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (仁愛):

• → Japanese: 仁(じん)愛(あい) (jin'ai)
• → Korean: 인애(仁愛) (inae)
• → Vietnamese: nhân ái (仁愛)

Proper noun

仁愛

1. (～區) Ren-ai (a district of Keelung, Taiwan)
2. (～鄉) Ren-ai, Ren'ai (a mountain indigenous township in Nantou County, Taiwan)
3. (～里, formerly ～村) An urban village in Linkou district, New Taipei, Taiwan, formerly a rural village

Further reading

• “Entry #752”, in 臺灣閩南語常用詞辭典 (overall work in Mandarin and Hokkien), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2023.

Japanese

Kanji in this term
仁	愛
じん Grade: 6	あい Grade: 4
on’yomi

Etymology

From 仁 (jin, “benevolence”) + 愛 (ai, “love”).

Pronunciation

• (Tokyo) じんあい [jìń'áí] (Heiban – [0])
• IPA^(key): [d͡ʑĩɰ̃a̠i]

Adjective

仁(じん)愛(あい) • (jin'ai) -na (adnominal 仁(じん)愛(あい)な (jin'ai na), adverbial 仁(じん)愛(あい)に (jin'ai ni))

1. benevolent; kindhearted

Inflection

Inflection of 仁愛

Stem forms
Imperfective (未然形)	仁愛だろ	じんあいだろ	jin'ai daro
Continuative (連用形)	仁愛で	じんあいで	jin'ai de
Terminal (終止形)	仁愛だ	じんあいだ	jin'ai da
Attributive (連体形)	仁愛な	じんあいな	jin'ai na
Hypothetical (仮定形)	仁愛なら	じんあいなら	jin'ai nara
Imperative (命令形)	仁愛であれ	じんあいであれ	jin'ai de are
Key constructions
Informal negative	仁愛ではない 仁愛じゃない	じんあいではない じんあいじゃない	jin'ai de wa nai jin'ai ja nai
Informal past	仁愛だった	じんあいだった	jin'ai datta
Informal negative past	仁愛ではなかった 仁愛じゃなかった	じんあいではなかった じんあいじゃなかった	jin'ai de wa nakatta jin'ai ja nakatta
Formal	仁愛です	じんあいです	jin'ai desu
Formal negative	仁愛ではありません 仁愛じゃありません	じんあいではありません じんあいじゃありません	jin'ai de wa arimasen jin'ai ja arimasen
Formal past	仁愛でした	じんあいでした	jin'ai deshita
Formal negative past	仁愛ではありませんでした 仁愛じゃありませんでした	じんあいではありませんでした じんあいじゃありませんでした	jin'ai de wa arimasen deshita jin'ai ja arimasen deshita
Conjunctive	仁愛で	じんあいで	jin'ai de
Conditional	仁愛なら（ば）	じんあいなら（ば）	jin'ai nara (ba)
Provisional	仁愛だったら	じんあいだったら	jin'ai dattara
Volitional	仁愛だろう	じんあいだろう	jin'ai darō
Adverbial	仁愛に	じんあいに	jin'ai ni
Degree	仁愛さ	じんあいさ	jin'aisa

Classical conjugation of "仁愛なり" (ナリ活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)

Stem forms
Irrealis (未然形)	仁愛なら	じんあいなら	zin'ainara
Continuative (連用形)	仁愛に[1] 仁愛なり[2]	じんあいに じんあいなり	zin'aini zin'ainari
Terminal (終止形)	仁愛なり	じんあいなり	zin'ainari
Attributive (連体形)	仁愛なる	じんあいなる	zin'ainaru
Realis (已然形)	仁愛なれ	じんあいなれ	zin'ainare
Imperative (命令形)	仁愛なれ	じんあいなれ	zin'ainare
Key constructions
Negative	仁愛ならず	じんあいならず	zin'ainarazu
Contrasting conjunction	仁愛なれど	じんあいなれど	zin'ainaredo
Causal conjunction	仁愛なれば	じんあいなれば	zin'ainareba
Conditional conjunction	仁愛ならば	じんあいならば	zin'ainaraba
Past tense (firsthand knowledge)	仁愛なりき	じんあいなりき	zin'ainariki
Past tense (secondhand knowledge)	仁愛なりけり	じんあいなりけり	zin'ainarikeri
Adverbial	仁愛に	じんあいに	zin'aini
[1]Without auxiliary verb. [2]With auxiliary verb.

Noun

仁(じん)愛(あい) • (jin'ai) 

1. benevolence; charity

Korean

Hanja in this term
仁	愛

Noun

仁愛 • (inae) (hangeul 인애)

1. Hanja form^? of 인애 (“benevolence; kindheartedness”).

Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term
仁	愛

Adjective

仁愛

1. chữ Hán form of nhân ái (“humane; compassionate; benevolent”).