出る

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Japanese[edit]

Kanji in this term
出
で
Grade: 1
kun’yomi

Etymology[edit]

⟨idu⟩ → /id͡zu/ → /d͡zu/ → /d͡zuru/ → /deru/

From Old Japanese 出づ (idu), from Proto-Japonic *intu.

The initial i fell out in compounds where the preceding element ended in i. The du form on its own was not used much outside of compounds until the Kamakura period.[1][2]

The ending then shifted from -duru (modern -dzuru) to -deru, a shift common to all 下二段活用 (shimo nidan katsuyō, “lower bigrade conjugation”) verbs that occurred from the late Muromachi period through the early Edo period.

Some sources trace the development instead as ⟨idu⟩ → ⟨iduru⟩ → /id͡zuru/ → /d͡zuru/ → /deru/.[3]

Pronunciation[edit]

  • Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of "出る"
Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary
Stem forms
Terminal (終止形)
Attributive (連体形) 		出る で​る [déꜜrù]
Imperative (命令形) 出ろ で​ろ [déꜜrò]
Key constructions
Passive 出られる でられ​る [dèráréꜜrù]
Causative 出させる でさせ​る [dèsáséꜜrù]
Potential 出られる でられ​る [dèráréꜜrù]
Volitional 出よう でよ​ー [dèyóꜜò]
Negative 出ない で​ない [déꜜnàì]
Negative perfective 出なかった で​なかった [déꜜnàkàttà]
Formal 出ます でま​す [dèmáꜜsù]
Perfective 出た で​た [déꜜtà]
Conjunctive 出て で​て [déꜜtè]
Hypothetical conditional 出れば で​れば [déꜜrèbà]

Verb[edit]

出(で)る • (deru) intransitive ichidan (stem 出(で) (de), past 出(で)た (deta))

Japanese verb pair
active 出(だ)す (出(だ)す)
mediopassive 出(で)る (出(で)る)
  1. to leave a place
    部(へ)屋(や)を出(で)る ― heya o deru ― to leave a room
    Antonym: 入る (hairu)
  2. to go out
    外(そと)に出(で)る。 ― soto ni deru. ― I'll go outside.
    旅(たび)に出(で)る。 ― tabi ni deru. ― I'll go out on a trip.
  3. to come forth, to be or become apparent, to appear
    お化(ば)けが出(で)た。 ― obake ga deta. ― A spirit appeared.
    血(ち)が出(で)ているよ。 ― chi ga dete iru yo. ― You're bleeding. (literally, “Blood is coming out.”)
  4. to make an appearance, to appear
    • 2007, various contributors, 石川セリ (Ishikawa Seri), in Japanese Wikipedia, [2]
      もっとテレビに出(で)て下(くだ)さい。
      Motto terebi ni dete kudasai.
      Please make more TV appearances.
    社(しゃ)会(かい)に出(で)る ― shakai ni deru ― to go out into the world; to enter society
  5. (by extension) to answer (the phone or door)
    電(でん)話(わ)に出(で)る。 ― denwa ni deru. ― I'll answer the phone.
    私(わたし)が出(で)る。 ― watashi ga deru. ― I'll answer the door.
  6. (vulgar, specifically of semen) to exit the penis during ejaculation

Conjugation[edit]

Conjugation of "出る" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective") 出 で de
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") 出 で de
Shūshikei ("terminal") 出る でる deru
Rentaikei ("attributive") 出る でる deru
Kateikei ("hypothetical") 出れ でれ dere
Meireikei ("imperative") 出よ¹
出ろ² 		でよ¹
でろ² 		deyo¹
dero²
Key constructions
Passive 出られる でられる derareru
Causative 出させる
出さす 		でさせる
でさす 		desaseru
desasu
Potential 出られる
出れる³ 		でられる
でれる³ 		derareru
dereru³
Volitional 出よう でよう deyō
Negative 出ない
出ぬ
出ん 		でない
でぬ
でん 		denai
denu
den
Negative continuative 出ず でず dezu
Formal 出ます でます demasu
Perfective 出た でた deta
Conjunctive 出て でて dete
Hypothetical conditional 出れば でれば dereba
¹ Written imperative
² Spoken imperative
³ Colloquial potential

Derived terms[edit]

Derived terms

Idioms[edit]

Idioms

Proverbs[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  3. ^ Matsumura, Akira (1995) 大辞泉 (in Japanese), First edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
  4. ^ Uwano, Zendo (2002 October 31) “見島方言の用言のアクセント調査報告 [A Report on the Accentual Surveys of Verbs and Adjectives in the Mishima Dialect]”, in 環太平洋の「消滅に瀕した言語」にかんする緊急調査研究‎[1], →ISSN, archived from the original on 25 September 2022
  5. ^ Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  6. ^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK Publishing, →ISBN
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