壅

壅 U+58C5, 壅 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-58C5 ← 壄 [U+58C4] CJK Unified Ideographs 壆 → [U+58C6]

Translingual

Han character

壅 (Kangxi radical 32, 土+13, 16 strokes, cangjie input 卜女土土 (YVGG), four-corner 0010₄, composition ⿱雍土)

Derived characters

• 𡄐, 𤃟

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 240, character 18
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 5524
• Dae Jaweon: page 480, character 4
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 493, character 4
• Unihan data for U+58C5

Chinese

simp. and trad.		壅
alternative forms		㙲 雍 擁／拥 邕 廱 㙲 雍 擁／拥 邕 廱 𡓱 𡔏 㽫

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (邕) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
郺	*qoːŋʔ, *qoŋ
齆	*qoːŋs
甕	*qoːŋs
罋	*qoːŋs, *qoŋ
雍	*qoŋ, *qoŋs
邕	*qoŋ
嗈	*qoŋ
灉	*qoŋ, *qoŋs
癰	*qoŋ
廱	*qoŋ
雝	*qoŋ
壅	*qoŋ, *qoŋʔ, *qoŋs
饔	*qoŋ
噰	*qoŋ
澭	*qoŋ
擁	*qoŋ, *qoŋʔ
臃	*qoŋ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qoŋ, *qoŋʔ, *qoŋs) : phonetic 雍 (OC *qoŋ, *qoŋs) + semantic 土 (“soil; ground”).

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): yōng, yǒng (yong¹, yong³)

  (Zhuyin): ㄩㄥ, ㄩㄥˇ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): jung², jung¹, ngung¹, ung¹
• Hakka (Sixian, PFS): yûng
• Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): iong / èng

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: yōng
    • Zhuyin: ㄩㄥ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: yong
    • Wade–Giles: yung¹
    • Yale: yūng
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: iong
    • Palladius: юн (jun)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /jʊŋ⁵⁵/
      
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: yǒng
    • Zhuyin: ㄩㄥˇ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: yǒng
    • Wade–Giles: yung³
    • Yale: yǔng
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yeong
    • Palladius: юн (jun)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /jʊŋ²¹⁴/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: jung², jung¹, ngung¹, ung¹
    • Yale: yúng, yūng, ngūng, ūng
    • Cantonese Pinyin: jung², jung¹, ngung¹, ung¹
    • Guangdong Romanization: yung², yung¹, ngung¹, ung¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /jʊŋ³⁵/, /jʊŋ⁵⁵/, /ŋʊŋ⁵⁵/, /ʊŋ⁵⁵/

Note: ung1 - vernacular.

• Hakka
  • (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yûng
    • Hakka Romanization System: iung´
    • Hagfa Pinyim: yung¹
    • Sinological IPA: /i̯uŋ²⁴/
  • (Southern Sixian, incl. Meinong)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yûng
    • Hakka Romanization System: (r)iung´
    • Hagfa Pinyim: yung¹
    • Sinological IPA: /(j)i̯uŋ²⁴/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: iong / èng
    • Tâi-lô: iong / ìng
    • Phofsit Daibuun: iofng, exng
    • IPA (Xiamen): /iɔŋ⁴⁴/, /iɪŋ²¹/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /iɔŋ³³/, /iɪŋ⁴¹/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /iɔŋ⁴⁴/, /iɪŋ²¹/
    • IPA (Taipei): /iɔŋ⁴⁴/, /iɪŋ¹¹/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /iɔŋ⁴⁴/, /iɪŋ²¹/

---

• Middle Chinese: 'jowng, 'jowngX

Rime
Character	壅	壅
Reading #	1/2	2/2
Initial (聲)	影 (34)	影 (34)
Final (韻)	鍾 (7)	鍾 (7)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	III	III
Fanqie	於容切	於隴切
Baxter	'jowng	'jowngX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ʔɨoŋ/	/ʔɨoŋX/
Pan Wuyun	/ʔioŋ/	/ʔioŋX/
Shao Rongfen	/ʔioŋ/	/ʔioŋX/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ʔuawŋ/	/ʔuawŋX/
Li Rong	/ʔioŋ/	/ʔioŋX/
Wang Li	/ĭwoŋ/	/ĭwoŋX/
Bernard Karlgren	/ʔi̯woŋ/	/ʔi̯woŋX/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	yōng	yǒng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	jung1	jung2

• Old Chinese

  (Zhengzhang): /*qoŋ/, /*qoŋʔ/, /*qoŋs/

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	壅	壅	壅
Reading #	1/3	2/3	3/3
No.	15411	15419	15422
Phonetic component	邕	邕	邕
Rime group	東	東	東
Rime subdivision	0	0	0
Corresponding MC rime	邕	擁	雍
Old Chinese	/*qoŋ/	/*qoŋʔ/	/*qoŋs/
Notes			原土在左，集韻作此，見論衡

Definitions

壅

1. (literary) to obstruct; to block; to stop
2. (literary) to heap; to pile up
3. (literary) to cover; to hide

Compounds

• 交通壅塞
• 培壅
• 壅土 (yōngtǔ)
• 壅塞 (yōngsè)
• 壅滯／壅滞
• 壅肥
• 壅蔽 (yōngbì)
• 壅門／壅门
• 壅閉／壅闭
• 懸壅垂／悬壅垂 (xuányōngchuí)
• 鄣壅

 

References

• “壅”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎^[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

Japanese

Kanji

壅

(uncommon “Hyōgai” kanji)

1. plug up
2. shut up

Readings

• Go-on: ゆ (yu)
• Kan-on: よう (yō)
• Kun: ふさぐ (fusagu)

Korean

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 壅 (MC 'jowngX).

Historical Readings
Dongguk Jeongun Reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448	Recorded as Middle Korean ᅙᅩᇰ〯 (Yale: qwǒng) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448.
Middle Korean
Text	Eumhun
	Gloss (hun)	Reading
Hunmong Jahoe, 1527[2]	붓도돌〮 오ᇰ〯	Recorded as Middle Korean 오ᇰ〯 (wǒng) (Yale: wǒng) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.
Gwangju Cheonjamun, 1575	마ᄀᆞᆯ 옹	Recorded as Middle Korean  옹 ( wong) (Yale: wong) in Sinjeung Yuhap (新增類合 / 신증유합), 1576.

Pronunciation

• (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [o̞(ː)ŋ]
• Phonetic hangul: [옹(ː)]
  • Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

Hanja

Wikisource

壅 (eumhun 막을 옹 (mageul ong))

1. Hanja form^? of 옹 (“to block; to obstruct”).

Compounds

Compounds

• 옹졸 (壅拙, ongjol)
• 옹색 (壅塞, ongsaek)
• 옹고집 (壅固執, onggojip)

References

• 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [3]

Vietnamese

Han character

壅: Hán Nôm readings: ung

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

References

• Nom Foundation