志す

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Japanese[edit]

Kanji in this term
志
こころざ
Grade: 5
kun’yomi

Etymology[edit]

Compound of 心 (kokoro, “heart; mind”) +‎ 指す (sasu, “to point”), literally in reference to where one's thoughts are focused on.[1][2][3]

First cited to the mid-900s.[2]

Pronunciation[edit]

  • Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of "志す"
Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary
Stem forms
Terminal (終止形)
Attributive (連体形) 		志す こころざ​す [kòkórózáꜜsù]
Imperative (命令形) 志せ こころざ​せ [kòkórózáꜜsè]
Key constructions
Passive 志される こころざされ​る [kòkórózásáréꜜrù]
Causative 志させる こころざさせ​る [kòkórózásáséꜜrù]
Potential 志せる こころざせ​る [kòkórózáséꜜrù]
Volitional 志そう こころざそ​ー [kòkórózásóꜜò]
Negative 志さない こころざさ​ない [kòkórózásáꜜnàì]
Negative perfective 志さなかった こころざさ​なかった [kòkórózásáꜜnàkàttà]
Formal 志します こころざしま​す [kòkórózáshímáꜜsù]
Perfective 志した こころざ​した [kòkórózáꜜshìtà]
Conjunctive 志して こころざ​して [kòkórózáꜜshìtè]
Hypothetical conditional 志せば こころざ​せば [kòkórózáꜜsèbà]

Verb[edit]

志(こころざ)す • (kokorozasu) intransitive godan (stem 志(こころざ)し (kokorozashi), past 志(こころざ)した (kokorozashita))

  1. [from mid-900s] to aspire to, to aim for, to set one's sights on, to target or pursue as a goal or aspiration
    彼(かれ)は弁護士(べんごし)を志(こころざ)している。
    Kare wa bengoshi o kokorozashite iru.
    He aspires to be a lawyer.

Usage notes[edit]

Japanese references are inconsistent in listing this as either a 自動詞 (jidōshi, “intransitive verb”) or 他動詞 (tadōshi, “transitive verb”). Confusingly, definitions given for the purportedly intransitive sense often give usage examples with the object-marking を (o) particle and constructions that appear to be straightforwardly transitive.

In general, the verb can be used in a clearly intransitive way using the directional particle に (ni) to indicate one's aim, and a more generally transitive way using the object particle を (o):

  • 学問(がくもん)に志(こころざ)す、漫画家(まんがかのみち)にこころざす
    gakumon ni kokorozasu, mangaka no michi ni kokorozasu
    to aim for studying, to set one's sights on the road to [becoming a] manga artist
  • 留学(りゅうがく)を志(こころざ)す
    ryūgaku o kokorozasu
    to pursue [going on] overseas study

This might be broadly similar to the distinction between the transitive verb 向く (muku, “to face something”) and the related intransitive verb 向かう (mukau, “to be facing towards something”), or indeed the intransitive and transitive distinctions in English aspire to, aim for (which require the prepositions to mark the indirect object) and target, pursue (which require no prepositions and simply take a direct object).

Conjugation[edit]

Conjugation of "志す" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective") 志さ こころざさ kokorozasa
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") 志し こころざし kokorozashi
Shūshikei ("terminal") 志す こころざす kokorozasu
Rentaikei ("attributive") 志す こころざす kokorozasu
Kateikei ("hypothetical") 志せ こころざせ kokorozase
Meireikei ("imperative") 志せ こころざせ kokorozase
Key constructions
Passive 志される こころざされる kokorozasareru
Causative 志させる
志さす 		こころざさせる
こころざさす 		kokorozasaseru
kokorozasasu
Potential 志せる こころざせる kokorozaseru
Volitional 志そう こころざそう kokorozasō
Negative 志さない こころざさない kokorozasanai
Negative continuative 志さず こころざさず kokorozasazu
Formal 志します こころざします kokorozashimasu
Perfective 志した こころざした kokorozashita
Conjunctive 志して こころざして kokorozashite
Hypothetical conditional 志せば こころざせば kokorozaseba

References[edit]

  1. ^ Shinmura, Izuru, editor (1998), 広辞苑 (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tōkyō: Iwanami Shoten, →ISBN
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 “志”, in 日本国語大辞典 (Nihon Kokugo Daijiten, “Nihon Kokugo Daijiten”)‎[1] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 2000
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  4. ^ Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  5. ^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK Publishing, →ISBN
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