礙

See also: 碍

礙 U+7919, 礙 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7919 ← 礘 [U+7918] CJK Unified Ideographs 礚 → [U+791A]

Translingual

Han character

礙 (Kangxi radical 112, 石+14, 19 strokes, cangjie input 一口心大人 (MRPKO), four-corner 1768₁, composition ⿰石疑)

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 837, character 46
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 24542
• Dae Jaweon: page 1255, character 7
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2461, character 11
• Unihan data for U+7919

Chinese

trad.		礙
simp.		碍
alternative forms		㝵 碍 㕌 ⿰石以 nonstandard

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (疑) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
礙	*ŋɯːs
儗	*ŋɯːs, *hŋɯːs, *ŋɯʔ, *ŋɯs
懝	*ŋɯːs, *ŋɯɡ
譺	*ŋrɯːs, *ŋɯʔ, *ŋɯs
癡	*ŋ̊ʰl'ɯ
疑	*ŋɯ
嶷	*ŋɯ, *ŋɯɡ
觺	*ŋɯ
擬	*ŋɯʔ
薿	*ŋɯʔ, *ŋɯɡ
凝	*ŋrɯŋ, *ŋrɯŋs

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ŋɯːs) : semantic 石 + phonetic 疑 (OC *ŋɯ).

Etymology

Uncertain, possibly Sino-Tibetan; compare Proto-Lolo-Burmese *ʔgak, Tibetan འགག ('gag, “obstruction, stoppage”), བཀག (bkag, “blockage, barricade, barrier”), དགག (dgag, “block, inhibit, obstruct”) & འགེགས་པ ('gegs pa, “hinder, thwart, obstruct”) (Bodman, 1980), as Tibeto-Burman voice stops sometimes correspond to Chinese nasal initials (Schuessler, 2007).

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): ài (ai⁴)

  (Zhuyin): ㄞˋ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): ngoi⁶
• Hakka

  (Sixian, PFS): ngoi

  (Meixian, Guangdong): ngoi⁴

• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): gāi

  (Teochew, Peng'im): ghai⁷

• Wu (Wugniu)
  • (Northern): ⁶nge

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: ài
    • Zhuyin: ㄞˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: ài
    • Wade–Giles: ai⁴
    • Yale: ài
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: ay
    • Palladius: ай (aj)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ˀaɪ̯⁵¹/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: ngoi⁶
    • Yale: ngoih
    • Cantonese Pinyin: ngoi⁶
    • Guangdong Romanization: ngoi⁶
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ŋɔːi̯²²/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ngoi
    • Hakka Romanization System: ngoi
    • Hagfa Pinyim: ngoi⁴
    • Sinological IPA: /ŋoi̯⁵⁵/
  • (Meixian)
    • Guangdong: ngoi⁴
    • Sinological IPA: /ŋoɪ⁵³/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: gāi
    • Tâi-lô: gāi
    • Phofsit Daibuun: gai
    • IPA (Xiamen): /ɡai²²/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /ɡai⁴¹/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /ɡai²²/
    • IPA (Taipei): /ɡai³³/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /ɡai³³/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: ghai⁷
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: gāi
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɡai¹¹/
• Wu
  • (Shanghai):
    • Wugniu: ⁶nge
    • MiniDict: nge^去
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ³nge
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /ŋe²³/

---

• Middle Chinese: ngojH

Rime
Character	礙
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	疑 (31)
Final (韻)	咍 (41)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	五漑切
Baxter	ngojH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ŋʌiH/
Pan Wuyun	/ŋəiH/
Shao Rongfen	/ŋɒiH/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ŋəjH/
Li Rong	/ŋᴀiH/
Wang Li	/ŋɒiH/
Bernard Karlgren	/ŋɑ̆iH/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	ài
Expected Cantonese Reflex	ngoi6

• Old Chinese

  (Zhengzhang): /*ŋɯːs/

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	礙
Reading #	1/1
No.	14888
Phonetic component	疑
Rime group	之
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime
Old Chinese	/*ŋɯːs/

Definitions

礙

1. to obstruct; to hinder; to block; to deter

   • 獨往獨來，獨出獨入，孰能礙之？ [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     独往独来，独出独入，孰能碍之？ [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: Liezi, 1^st – 5^th century CE

     Dú wǎng dú lái, dú chū dú rù, shú néng ài zhī? [Pinyin]

     They come and go on their own, they exit and enter on their own. Who can block their way?

2. obstruction; hindrance

   • 君子之行，獨無礙乎？ [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     君子之行，独无碍乎？ [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: Yang Xiong, Fa Yan (Exemplary Sayings), 9 CE, translated based on Jeffrey S. Bullock's version

     Jūnzǐ zhī xíng, dú wú'ài hū? [Pinyin]

     How can the superior person's path alone be without obstruction? How can he be direct?

Compounds

• 不相妨礙／不相妨碍
• 不礙事／不碍事
• 了無罣礙／了无罣碍
• 凝血障礙／凝血障碍
• 大礙／大碍 (dà'ài)
• 妨礙／妨碍 (fáng'ài)
• 干礙／干碍
• 庢礙／庢碍
• 恚礙／恚碍
• 意識障礙／意识障碍
• 拘礙／拘碍
• 掛礙／挂碍 (guà'ài)
• 方何礙／方何碍
• 方礙／方碍
• 有礙觀瞻／有碍观瞻 (yǒu'àiguānzhān)
• 渾無罣礙／浑无罣碍
• 滯礙／滞碍 (zhì'ài)
• 無掛無礙／无挂无碍
• 無礙／无碍 (wú'ài)
• 發音障礙／发音障碍 (fāyīn zhàng'ài)
• 礙事／碍事 (àishì)
• 礙口／碍口 (àikǒu)
• 礙口飾羞／碍口饰羞
• 礙手／碍手
• 礙手礙腳／碍手碍脚 (àishǒu'àijiǎo)
• 礙眼／碍眼 (àiyǎn)
• 礙虐／碍虐 (gāi-gio̍h) (Min Nan)
• 礙難／碍难 (àinán)
• 礙難照辦／碍难照办
• 窒礙／窒碍 (zhì'ài)
• 窒礙難行／窒碍难行
• 罣礙／罣碍 (guà'ài)
• 聽力障礙／听力障碍
• 躓礙／踬碍
• 身心障礙／身心障碍 (shēnxīn zhàng'ài)
• 辯才無礙／辩才无碍 (biàncáiwú'ài)
• 違礙／违碍 (wéi'ài)
• 關礙／关碍 (guān'ài)
• 阻礙／阻碍 (zǔ'ài)
• 障礙／障碍 (zhàng'ài)
• 障礙物／障碍物 (zhàng'àiwù)
• 障礙賽跑／障碍赛跑

 

Japanese

Kanji

礙

(uncommon “Hyōgai” kanji, kyūjitai kanji, shinjitai form 碍)

1. obstruction

Readings

• Go-on: げ (ge)
• Kan-on: がい (gai)
• Kun: さまたげる (samatageru)

Korean

Hanja

礙 • (ae) (hangeul 애, revised ae, McCune–Reischauer ae, Yale ay)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese

Han character

礙: Hán Nôm readings: ngại, ngái

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.