社

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社 U+793E, 社
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-793E
← 礽
[U+793D] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 礿 →
[U+793F]

社 U+FA4C, 社
CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-FA4C
← 碑
[U+FA4B] 		CJK Compatibility Ideographs 祉 →
[U+FA4D]
㊓ U+3293, ㊓
CIRCLED IDEOGRAPH SOCIETY
← ㊒
[U+3292] 		Enclosed CJK Letters and Months ㊔ →
[U+3294]

Translingual[edit]

Stroke order
8 strokes

Han character[edit]

社 (Kangxi radical 113, 示+3, 7 strokes, cangjie input 戈火土 (IFG), four-corner 34210, composition ⿰礻土)

Derived characters[edit]

References[edit]

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 839, character 26
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 24631
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1257, character 2
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2386, character 7
  • Unihan data for U+793E

Chinese[edit]

simp. and trad.
 社
alternative forms 䄕

Glyph origin[edit]

Historical forms of the character 社
Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Bronze inscriptions Chu slip and silk script Qin slip script Ancient script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (土) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
社 *ɦljaːʔ
肚 *ʔl'aːʔ, *l'aːʔ
土 *l̥ʰaːʔ, *l'aːʔ
吐 *l̥ʰaːʔ, *l̥ʰaːs
芏 *l̥ʰaːʔ
杜 *l'aːʔ
靯 *l'aːʔ
荰 *l'aːʔ

Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 示 (“god; deity”) + 土 (“soil”)

Etymology[edit]

Probably related to 土 (OC *l̥ʰaːʔ, “earth, soil”); Takashima (2004) considers them an etymological doublet.

Pronunciation[edit]

  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 社
Mandarin Beijing /ʂɤ⁵¹/
Harbin /ʂɤ⁵³/
Tianjin /ʂɤ⁵³/
/sɤ⁵³/
Jinan /ʂə²¹/
Qingdao /ʃə⁴²/
Zhengzhou /ʂʐ̩ɛ³¹²/
Xi'an /ʂɤ⁴⁴/
Xining /ʂɛ²¹³/
Yinchuan /ʂə¹³/
Lanzhou /ʂə¹³/
Ürümqi /ʂɤ²¹³/
Wuhan /sɤ³⁵/
Chengdu /se¹³/
Guiyang /t͡se²¹³/
Kunming /ʂə²¹²/
Nanjing /ʂae⁴⁴/
/ʂe⁴⁴/
Hefei /ʂe⁵³/
Jin Taiyuan /sɤ⁴⁵/
Pingyao /ʂʐ̩e̞³⁵/
Hohhot /sɤ⁵⁵/
Wu Shanghai /zo²³/
Suzhou /zo³¹/
Hangzhou /zz̩ʷei¹³/
Wenzhou /zei³⁵/
Hui Shexian /ɕie³⁵/
/ɕia³⁵/
Tunxi /ɕia²⁴/
Xiang Changsha /ʂə⁵⁵/
Xiangtan /ʂe⁵⁵/
Gan Nanchang /sɑ²¹/
Hakka Meixian /sa⁴⁴/
Taoyuan /ʃɑ⁵⁵/
Cantonese Guangzhou /sɛ²³/
Nanning /sɛ²⁴/
Hong Kong /sɛ¹³/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /sia²²/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /sia²⁴²/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /ia⁴²/
Shantou (Teochew) /sia³⁵/
Haikou (Hainanese) /te³³/
/se³⁵/ 俗
Rime
Character 社
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 常 (25)
Final (韻) 麻 (100)
Tone (調) Rising (X)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 常者切
Baxter dzyaeX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/d͡ʑiaX/
Pan
Wuyun 		/d͡ʑiaX/
Shao
Rongfen 		/d͡ʑiaX/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/d͡ʑiaX/
Li
Rong 		/ʑiaX/
Wang
Li 		/ʑĭaX/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/ʑi̯aX/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		shè
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		se6
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 社
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		shè
Middle
Chinese 		‹ dzyæX ›
Old
Chinese 		/*m-tʰAʔ/
English sacrifice to the spirit of the soil

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 社
Reading # 1/1
No. 12497
Phonetic
component 		土
Rime
group 		魚
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime 		社
Old
Chinese 		/*ɦljaːʔ/

Definitions[edit]

社

  1. (historical) god of the soil
  2. (historical) altar for offering sacrifices to the god of the soil
  3. (historical) festival for offering sacrifices to the god of the soil
    春社  ―  chūnshè  ―  (please add an English translation of this usage example)
  4. (historical) to offer sacrifices to the god of the soil
  5. (historical) an ancient grass-root administrative unit
  6. organized body; society; association
    結社／结社  ―  jiéshè  ―  to form an association
    報社／报社  ―  bàoshè  ―  newspaper publisher; newspaper office
  7. agency (used for certain agencies that provide services)
    旅行社  ―  lǚxíngshè  ―  travel agency
  8. a surname: She
  9. (in Vietnam) commune (third level division along with wards and commune-level towns)

Compounds[edit]

Descendants[edit]

Sino-Xenic (社):
  • → Japanese: 社(しゃ) (sha)
  • → Korean: 사(社) (sa)
  • → Vietnamese: xã (社)

Japanese[edit]

Shinjitai 社
Kyūjitai
[1]
社
&#xFA4C;
or
社+&#xFE00;?
社󠄁
社+&#xE0101;?
(Adobe-Japan1)
社󠄃
社+&#xE0103;?
(Hanyo-Denshi)
(Moji_Joho)
The displayed kanji may be different from the image due to your environment.
See here for details.

Kanji[edit]

社

(grade 2 “Kyōiku” kanji, shinjitai kanji, kyūjitai form 社)

Readings[edit]

Compounds[edit]

Compounds

Etymology 1[edit]

Kanji in this term
社
しゃ
Grade: 2
kan’on
Alternative spelling
社 (kyūjitai)

From Middle Chinese 社 (MC dzyaeX).

Pronunciation[edit]

Suffix[edit]

社(しゃ) • (-sha) 

  1. Short for 会社 (kaisha): company, co.
    毎(まい)日新(にちしん)聞(ぶん)社(しゃ) ― Mainichi Shinbun-sha ― The Mainichi Newspapers [Company]
    Note: when in parentheses, it is an abbreviation of 社団法人 (shadan hōjin), a type of incorporated association.
  2. (historical, Taiwan under Japanese rule, specifically) aboriginal settlement
    Coordinate term: 庄 (shō, “Han settlement”)
Coordinate terms[edit]

Etymology 2[edit]

Kanji in this term
社
やしろ
Grade: 2
kun’yomi
Alternative spelling
社 (kyūjitai)
For pronunciation and definitions of 社 – see the following entry.
【やしろ】
[noun] (Shinto) a shrine
(This term, 社, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

References[edit]

  1. ^ “社”, in 漢字ぺディア (Kanjipedia)‎[1] (in Japanese), 日本漢字能力検定協会, 2015–2024
  2. ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Middle Chinese 社 (MC dzyaeX).

Historical Readings
Dongguk Jeongun Reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 썅〯 (Yale: ssyǎ)
Middle Korean
Text Eumhun
Gloss (hun) Reading
Sinjeung Yuhap, 1576 샤직 (Yale: syacik) 샤 (Yale: sya)

Pronunciation[edit]

Hanja[edit]

Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

Wikisource

社 (eumhun 모일 사 (moil sa))

  1. Hanja form? of 사 (“company”). [noun]
  2. Hanja form? of 사 (“social”). [affix]

Compounds[edit]

Compounds

References[edit]

  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [2]

Vietnamese[edit]

Han character[edit]

社: Hán Nôm readings: xã

  1. rural commune (administrative subdivision of Vietnam)

Compounds[edit]

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