苦しむ

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Japanese[edit]

Etymology[edit]

Kanji in this term
くる
Grade: 3
kun’yomi

From Old Japanese. First cited to the Kojiki of 712 CE[1] and related to 苦しい (kurushii, painful, suffering). See that entry for more details.

-mu is an auxiliary suffix of becoming the specified state.

Pronunciation[edit]

  • IPA(key): [kɯ̟ᵝɾɯ̟ᵝɕimɯ̟ᵝ]
  • Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of "苦しむ"
Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary
Stem forms
Terminal (終止形)
Attributive (連体形)
苦しむ るし [kùrúshíꜜmù]
Imperative (命令形) 苦しめ るし [kùrúshíꜜmè]
Key constructions
Passive 苦しまれる るしまれ [kùrúshímáréꜜrù]
Causative 苦しませる るしませ [kùrúshímáséꜜrù]
Potential 苦しめる るしめ [kùrúshíméꜜrù]
Volitional 苦しもう るしも [kùrúshímóꜜò]
Negative 苦しまない るしまない [kùrúshímáꜜnàì]
Negative perfective 苦しまなかった るしまなかった [kùrúshímáꜜnàkàttà]
Formal 苦しみます るしみま [kùrúshímímáꜜsù]
Perfective 苦しんだ るしんだ [kùrúshíꜜǹdà]
Conjunctive 苦しんで るしんで [kùrúshíꜜǹdè]
Hypothetical conditional 苦しめば るしめば [kùrúshíꜜmèbà]

Verb[edit]

(くる)しむ (kurushimuintransitive godan (stem (くる)しみ (kurushimi), past (くる)しんだ (kurushinda))

Japanese verb pair
active (くる)しめる ((くる)しめる)
mediopassive (くる)しむ ((くる)しむ)
  1. suffer, struggle with, be tormented by
    • 2011, Barack Obama, 中東と北アフリカに関するバラク・オバマの演説, translation of "Remarks by the President on the Middle East and North Africa":
      それは占領(せんりょう)屈辱(くつじょく)(くる)しむことを、そして自分(じぶん)(くに)()んでいないことを意味(いみ)してきた。
      Sore wa senryō no kutsujoku ni kurushimu koto o, soshite jibun no kuni ni sunde inai koto o imi shite kita.
      For Palestinians, it has meant suffering the humiliation of occupation, and never living in a nation of their own.

Conjugation[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ ”, in 日本国語大辞典 (Nihon Kokugo Daijiten, Nihon Kokugo Daijiten)[1] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 2000