葡萄

Chinese

		phonetic
trad. (葡萄)		葡	萄
simp. #(葡萄)		葡	萄
alternative forms		蒲陶 蒲萄 葡桃 蒲桃 孛萄 (beq dau) Wu 蒲陶 蒲萄 葡桃 蒲桃 孛萄 (beq dau) Wu 浮萄 孛陶

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Standard)

  (Pinyin): pútáo

  (Zhuyin): ㄆㄨˊ ㄊㄠˊ

  (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): pu² tao²

  (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): путо (puto, I-II)

• Cantonese (Jyutping): pou⁴ tou⁴
• Gan (Wiktionary): pu² tau
• Hakka

  (Sixian, PFS): phù-thò

  (Meixian, Guangdong): pu² tau²

• Jin (Wiktionary): pu¹ tau¹
• Northern Min (KCR): bǔ-dǎu
• Eastern Min (BUC): può-dò̤ / buò-dò̤ / bù-dò̤
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): phû-tô / phô-tô / phô͘-tô / pô-tô / phôe-tô / pû-tô / pô͘-tô

  (Teochew, Peng'im): pu⁵ to⁵

• Wu (Wugniu)
  • (Northern): ⁶bu-dau; ⁸beq-dau
• Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): bu² dau

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)
    • Hanyu Pinyin: pútáo → pútao (toneless final syllable variant)
    • Zhuyin: ㄆㄨˊ ㄊㄠˊ → ㄆㄨˊ ˙ㄊㄠ (toneless final syllable variant)
    • Tongyong Pinyin: pútåo
    • Wade–Giles: pʻu²-tʻao⁵
    • Yale: pú-tau
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: pwu.taur
    • Palladius: путао (putao)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /pʰu³⁵ tʰɑʊ̯³⁵/ → /pʰu³⁵ tʰɑʊ̯³/
    • Homophones:

      [Show/Hide]
      edit edit 葡萄 蒲桃

      
      
  • (Standard Chinese, erhua-ed)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: pútáor
    • Zhuyin: ㄆㄨˊ ㄊㄠˊㄦ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: pútáor
    • Wade–Giles: pʻu²-tʻao²-ʼrh
    • Yale: pú-táur
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: pwutaurl
    • Palladius: путаор (putaor)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /pʰu³⁵ tʰaʊ̯ɻʷ³⁵/
  • (Chengdu)
    • Sichuanese Pinyin: pu² tao²
    • Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: putao
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /pʰu²¹ tʰau²¹/
  • (Dungan)
    • Cyrillic and Wiktionary: путо (puto, I-II)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /pʰou²⁴ tʰɔ⁵¹/

    (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)

• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: pou⁴ tou⁴
    • Yale: pòuh tòuh
    • Cantonese Pinyin: pou⁴ tou⁴
    • Guangdong Romanization: pou⁴ tou⁴
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /pʰou̯²¹ tʰou̯²¹/
• Gan
  • (Nanchang)
    • Wiktionary: pu² tau
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /pʰu²⁴ tʰau²/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: phù-thò
    • Hakka Romanization System: puˇ toˇ
    • Hagfa Pinyim: pu² to²
    • Sinological IPA: /pʰu¹¹ tʰo¹¹/
  • (Meixian)
    • Guangdong: pu² tau²
    • Sinological IPA: /pʰu¹¹ tʰau¹¹/
• Jin
  • (Taiyuan)⁺
    • Wiktionary: pu¹ tau¹
    • Sinological IPA (old-style): /pʰxu¹¹ tʰxau¹¹/
• Northern Min
  • (Jian'ou)
    • Kienning Colloquial Romanized: bǔ-dǎu
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /pu²¹ tau²¹/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: può-dò̤ / buò-dò̤ / bù-dò̤
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /pʰuo⁵³⁻³³ ^(t-)lo⁵³/, /puo⁵³⁻³³ ^(t-)lo⁵³/, /pu⁵³⁻³³ ^(t-)lo⁵³/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Lukang, Sanxia, Kinmen, Hsinchu, Taichung, Penang, Philippines)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: phû-tô
    • Tâi-lô: phû-tô
    • Phofsit Daibuun: phu'dooi
    • IPA (Penang): /pʰu²³⁻²¹ to²³/
    • IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou, Lukang, Philippines): /pʰu²⁴⁻²² to²⁴/
    • IPA (Kinmen): /pʰu²⁴⁻¹² to²⁴/
  • (Hokkien: Zhangzhou, Taipei, Tainan, Kaohsiung, Magong, Penang)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: phô-tô
    • Tâi-lô: phô-tô
    • Phofsit Daibuun: phoi'dooi
    • IPA (Penang): /pʰo²³⁻²¹ to²³/
    • IPA (Tainan): /pʰɤ²⁴⁻³³ tɤ²⁴/
    • IPA (Taipei): /pʰo²⁴⁻¹¹ to²⁴/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /pʰo¹³⁻²² to¹³/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /pʰɤ²³⁻³³ tɤ²³/
  • (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: phô͘-tô
    • Tâi-lô: phôo-tô
    • Phofsit Daibuun: pho'dooi
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /pʰɔ¹³⁻²² to¹³/
  • (Hokkien: Yilan)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: pô-tô
    • Tâi-lô: pô-tô
    • Phofsit Daibuun: poi'dooi
    • IPA (Yilan): /po²⁴⁻³³ to²⁴/
  • (Hokkien: Tainan)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: phôe-tô
    • Tâi-lô: phuê-tô
    • Phofsit Daibuun: phoe'dooi
    • IPA (Tainan): /pʰue²⁴⁻³³ tɤ²⁴/
  • (Hokkien: Taichung)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: pû-tô
    • Tâi-lô: pû-tô
    • Phofsit Daibuun: pu'dooi
  • (Hokkien: rare in Taiwan)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: pô͘-tô
    • Tâi-lô: pôo-tô
    • Phofsit Daibuun: po'dooi
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /pɔ²³⁻³³ tɤ²³/
    • IPA (Taipei): /pɔ²⁴⁻¹¹ to²⁴/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: pu⁵ to⁵
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: phû thô
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /pʰu⁵⁵⁻¹¹ tʰo⁵⁵/
• Wu
  • (Shanghai):
    • Wugniu: ⁶bu-dau; ⁸beq-dau
    • MiniDict: bu^去 dau; beh^入 dau
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ³bu-dau; ⁵beq-dau
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /bu²² dɔ⁴⁴/, /bəʔ¹¹ dɔ²³/

Note: 5beq dau - also written as 孛萄.

• Xiang
  • (Changsha)
    • Wiktionary: bu² dau
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /pu¹³ tɒu̯³/

---

• Middle Chinese: bu daw

Rime
Character	葡	萄
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	並 (3)	定 (7)
Final (韻)	模 (23)	豪 (89)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	I	I
Fanqie	薄胡切	徒刀切
Baxter	bu	daw
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/buo/	/dɑu/
Pan Wuyun	/buo/	/dɑu/
Shao Rongfen	/bo/	/dɑu/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/bɔ/	/daw/
Li Rong	/bo/	/dɑu/
Wang Li	/bu/	/dɑu/
Bernard Karlgren	/bʱuo/	/dʱɑu/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	pú	táo
Expected Cantonese Reflex	pou4	tou4

• Old Chinese

  (Zhengzhang): /*baː  l'uː/

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	葡	萄
Reading #	1/1	1/1
No.	3439	12364
Phonetic component	甫	匋
Rime group	魚	幽
Rime subdivision	0	1
Corresponding MC rime	酺	陶
Old Chinese	/*baː/	/*l'uː/
Notes	古作蒲，今分化字	草名後作蒲陶字

Etymology 1

葡萄

Borrowed from Bactrian *bādāwa (“wine”) [130 BCE]; compare Persian باده (bâde, “wine”) (Schuessler, 2007; Chmielewski, 1958).

The verb sense is from 吃不到的葡萄是酸的 (“the grapes are sour anyway”)

Noun

葡萄

1. grape (Classifier: 顆／颗 m; 串 m; 粒; 抽 c; 捾 mn)

   葡萄汁  ―  pútáozhī  ―  grape juice

Synonyms

Dialectal synonyms of 葡萄 (“grape”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Classical Chinese		蒲陶, 蒲萄, 蒲桃, 葡萄
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		葡萄
Taxonomic name		葡萄
Mandarin	Beijing	葡萄
	Taiwan	葡萄
	Yantai (Muping)	葡萄
	Jinan	葡萄
	Luoyang	葡萄
	Wanrong	葡萄
	Xi'an	葡萄
	Yinchuan	葡萄
	Ürümqi	葡萄
	Wuhan	葡萄
	Chengdu	葡萄
	Guiyang	葡萄
	Liuzhou	葡萄, 葡萄果
	Yangzhou	葡萄
	Nanjing	葡萄
	Hefei	葡萄
	Singapore	葡萄
	Dagudi (Maliba)	葡萄
	Reshuitang (Longling)	葡萄
	Mae Salong (Lancang)	葡萄
	Mae Sai (Tengchong)	葡萄
	Pematangsiantar	葡萄
Cantonese	Guangzhou	葡提子, 提子
	Hong Kong	提子, 葡提子
	Hong Kong (San Tin Weitou)	葡提子
	Hong Kong (Kam Tin Weitou)	葡萄
	Hong Kong (Ting Kok)	葡提子
	Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau)	葡提子
	Macau	葡提子
	Guangzhou (Panyu)	葡提子
	Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu)	葡提子
	Guangzhou (Conghua)	葡提子
	Guangzhou (Zengcheng)	葡提, 葡提仔
	Foshan	葡提子
	Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai)	葡提子
	Foshan (Shunde)	葡提子
	Foshan (Sanshui)	葡提子
	Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming)	葡萄
	Zhongshan (Shiqi)	葡提子
	Zhuhai (Qianshan)	葡提子
	Zhuhai (Doumen, Shangheng Tanka)	葡萄
	Zhuhai (Doumen)	葡萄
	Jiangmen (Baisha)	葡皮子
	Jiangmen (Xinhui)	葡萄
	Taishan	葡萄, 葡提子
	Kaiping (Chikan)	葡萄, 葡提子, 提子
	Enping (Niujiang)	葡萄
	Heshan (Yayao)	葡提子
	Dongguan	葡提子
	Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an)	葡萄
	Yangjiang	葡提子
	Baise	葡萄
	Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu)	葡提子
Gan	Nanchang	葡萄
Hakka	Meixian	徒提仔, 葡萄
	Huizhou (Huicheng Bendihua)	葡萄棗
	Dongguan (Qingxi)	葡萄
	Shenzhen (Shatoujiao)	葡萄子
	Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui)	葡提子
	Conghua (Lütian)	葡萄
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	葡萄
	Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)	葡萄
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)	葡萄
	Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)	葡萄
	Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)	葡萄
	Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)	葡萄
	Hong Kong	葡萄子
	Senai (Huiyang)	葡萄
Huizhou	Jixi	葡萄
Jin	Taiyuan	葡萄
Northern Min	Jian'ou	葡萄
Eastern Min	Fuzhou	葡萄
Southern Min	Xiamen	葡萄
	Quanzhou	葡萄
	Zhangzhou	葡萄
	Taipei	葡萄
	New Taipei (Sanxia)	葡萄
	Kaohsiung	葡萄
	Yilan	葡萄
	Changhua (Lukang)	葡萄
	Taichung	葡萄
	Tainan	葡萄
	Hsinchu	葡萄
	Kinmen	葡萄
	Penghu (Magong)	葡萄
	Penang (Hokkien)	葡萄
	Singapore (Hokkien)	葡萄
	Manila (Hokkien)	葡萄
	Chaozhou	葡萄
	Haifeng	葡萄棗, 葡萄
	Bangkok (Teochew)	葡萄
	Johor Bahru (Teochew)	葡萄
Zhongshan Min	Shaxi (Longdu)	葡提子
Southern Pinghua	Nanning (Tingzi)	葡萄
Wu	Shanghai	葡萄
	Suzhou	葡萄
	Wuxi	葡萄
	Ningbo	紫葡萄, 紫胡萄, 水胡萄
	Wenzhou	葡萄
	Jinhua	葡萄
Xiang	Changsha	葡萄
	Shuangfeng	葡萄子
	Jiangyong	葡萄崽

Derived terms

• 吃不到的葡萄是酸的 (chībudào de pútao shì suān de)
• 山葡萄
• 海葡萄
• 紅葡萄藤／红葡萄藤
• 葡萄乾／葡萄干 (pútáogān)
• 葡萄園／葡萄园 (pútáoyuán)
• 葡萄屬／葡萄属
• 葡萄彈／葡萄弹 (pútáodàn)
• 葡萄柚 (pútáoyòu)
• 葡萄樹／葡萄树 (pútáoshù)
• 葡萄汁 (pútáozhī)
• 葡萄深碧
• 葡萄灰
• 葡萄炸彈／葡萄炸弹
• 葡萄牙 (Pútáoyá)
• 葡萄牙共和國／葡萄牙共和国 (Pútáoyá Gònghéguó)
• 葡萄球菌 (pútáo qiújūn)
• 葡萄目
• 葡萄石 (pútáoshí)
• 葡萄科
• 葡萄糖 (pútáotáng)
• 葡萄紫
• 葡萄綠／葡萄绿
• 葡萄胎 (pútáotāi)
• 葡萄葉銀蓮花／葡萄叶银莲花
• 葡萄藤 (pútáoténg)
• 葡萄酒 (pútáojiǔ)
• 蛇葡萄
• 西拉葡萄 (Xīlā pútáo)
• 酸葡萄 (suānpútao)
• 酸葡萄心理

 

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (葡萄):

• → Japanese: 葡(ぶ)萄(どう) (budō)
• → Korean: 포도(葡萄) (podo)
• → Vietnamese: bồ đào (葡萄)

Verb

葡萄

1. (Hong Kong Cantonese, neologism, slang) to be jealous; to envy

Synonyms

• 吃味 (chīwèi) (regional)
• 妒嫉 (dùjí)
• 妒忌 (dùjì)
• 妒恨 (dùhèn) (literary)
• 媢嫉 (màojí) (literary)
• 嫉妒 (jídù)
• 忌 (jì)
• 忌垢 (ji⁴ gou⁴) (Sichuanese)
• 忌妒 (jìdù)
• 怨妒 (Hokkien)
• 惡妒／恶妒 (Hokkien)
• 欣羨／欣羡 (xīnxiàn) (literary or Min Nan)
• 歆羨／歆羡 (xīnxiàn) (literary or Min Nan)
• 目空刺 (Zhangzhou Hokkien)
• 目空赤 (Zhangzhou Hokkien, Taiwanese Hokkien)
• 目紅／目红 (Xiamen Hokkien, Quanzhou Hokkien, Taiwanese Hokkien)
• 目赤 (Zhangzhou Hokkien, Taiwanese Hokkien)
• 眼氣／眼气 (nie² qi³) (Jin)
• 眼紅／眼红 (yǎnhóng)
• 紅目／红目 (Hokkien)
• 羨慕／羡慕 (xiànmù)
• 豔羨／艳羡 (yànxiàn) (formal)
• 赤狗目 (Quanzhou Hokkien)
• 赤目 (Quanzhou Hokkien, Xiamen Hokkien, Taiwanese Hokkien)

 

Etymology 2

Phono-semantic matching of Burmese ပူတာအို (putaui).

Proper noun

葡萄

1. Putao (a town in Myanmar)
2. (～鎮) Putao Township (in Myanmar)
3. (～縣) Putao District (in Myanmar)

Further reading

• “Entry #10015”, in 臺灣閩南語常用詞辭典 (overall work in Mandarin and Hokkien), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2023.
• 古今农业2010年第2期 73. 再论吐 鲁番文书中葡萄名称问题

Japanese

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
葡	萄
ぶ Jinmeiyō	どう Jinmeiyō
on’yomi

From Middle Chinese 葡萄 (buo-dâu) (compare modern Mandarin pútáo), from Bactrian *bādāwa (“wine”).

Pronunciation

• (Tokyo) ぶどー [bùdóó] (Heiban – [0])
• IPA^(key): [bɯ̟ᵝdo̞ː]

Noun

葡(ぶ)萄(どう) or 葡萄(ブドウ) • (budō) ^{←ぶだう (budau)?}

1. grape

Derived terms

Derived terms

• 焦性葡萄酸(しょうせいぶどうさん) (shōseibudōsan, “pyruvic acid”)
• 葡萄色(ぶどういろ) (budōiro, “grape (colour)”)
• 葡萄園(ぶどうえん) (budōen, “vineyard”)
• 葡萄球菌(ぶどうきゅうきん) (budōkyūkin, “staphylococcus”)
• 葡萄栽培(ぶどうさいばい) (budōsaibai, “viticulture”)
• 葡萄酒(ぶどうしゅ) (budōshu, “wine”)
• 葡萄石(ぶどうせき) (budōseki, “prehnite”)
• 葡萄畑(ぶどうばたけ) (budōbatake, “vineyard”)
• 葡萄弾(ぶどうだん) (budōdan, “grapeshot”)
• 葡萄糖(ぶどうとう) (budōtō, “glucose”)
• 葡萄膜(ぶどうまく) (budōmaku, “uvea”)
• 干(ほ)し葡萄(ぶどう) (hoshibudō, “raisin”)
• 山葡萄(やまぶどう) (yamabudō, “crimson glory vine”)

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
葡	萄
えび
Jinmeiyō	Jinmeiyō
jukujikun

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [e̞bʲi]

Noun

葡萄(えび) • (ebi) 

1. (obsolete) grape

Korean

Hanja in this term
葡	萄

Noun

葡萄 • (podo) (hangeul 포도)

1. Hanja form^? of 포도 (“grape”).

Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term
葡	萄

Noun

葡萄

1. chữ Hán form of bồ đào (“grape”).

References

• [1]