鍊

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See also: 錬, 煉, and 練
鍊 U+934A, 鍊
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-934A
← 鍉
[U+9349] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 鍋 →
[U+934B]
鍊 U+F99B, 鍊
CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F99B
← 連
[U+F99A] 		CJK Compatibility Ideographs 列 →
[U+F99C]

Translingual[edit]

Traditional 鍊
Shinjitai 錬
Simplified 炼

Han character[edit]

鍊 (Kangxi radical 167, 金+9, 17 strokes, cangjie input 金木田火 (CDWF), four-corner 85196, composition ⿰釒柬)

Derived characters[edit]

References[edit]

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 1313, character 9
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 40602
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1814, character 5
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 4228, character 14
  • Unihan data for U+934A

Chinese[edit]

Glyph origin[edit]

Historical forms of the character 鍊
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Small seal script
Characters in the same phonetic series (柬) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
蘭 *ɡ·raːn
攔 *ɡ·raːn
欄 *ɡ·raːn
瀾 *ɡ·raːn, *ɡ·raːns
讕 *ɡ·raːn, *ɡ·raːnʔ, *ɡ·raːns
闌 *ɡ·raːn
韊 *ɡ·raːn
幱 *ɡ·raːn
籣 *ɡ·raːn
躝 *ɡ·raːn
爛 *ɡ·raːns
爤 *ɡ·raːns
鑭 *ɡ·raːns
糷 *ɡ·raːns
斕 *ɡ·reːn
揀 *kreːnʔ, *ɡ·reːns
柬 *kreːnʔ
暕 *kreːnʔ
諫 *kraːns
練 *ɡ·reːns
鍊 *ɡ·reːns
煉 *ɡ·reːns
楝 *ɡ·reːns
萰 *ɡ·reːns
堜 *ɡ·reːns
湅 *ɡ·reːns

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡ·reːns) : semantic 金 (“metal”) + phonetic 柬 (OC *kreːnʔ).

Etymology 1[edit]

trad. 鍊
simp. 炼*
nonstandard simp. 𫔀
alternative forms 煉／炼 especially for figurative meanings
錬

Pronunciation[edit]

Rime
Character 鍊
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 來 (37)
Final (韻) 先 (85)
Tone (調) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) IV
Fanqie 郎甸切
Baxter lenH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/lenH/
Pan
Wuyun 		/lenH/
Shao
Rongfen 		/lɛnH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/lɛnH/
Li
Rong 		/lenH/
Wang
Li 		/lienH/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/lienH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		liàn
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		lin6
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 鍊
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		liàn
Middle
Chinese 		‹ lenH ›
Old
Chinese 		/*[r]ˁen-s/
English refine (metal)

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 鍊
Reading # 1/1
No. 6142
Phonetic
component 		柬
Rime
group 		元
Rime
subdivision 		2
Corresponding
MC rime 		練
Old
Chinese 		/*ɡ·reːns/

Definitions[edit]

鍊

  1. to smelt; to refine
  2. (figurative) to measure (one's words); to polish (one's wording)
  3. (figurative) to temper; to steel; to cultivate
  4. a surname

Compounds[edit]

Etymology 2[edit]

For pronunciation and definitions of 鍊 – see 鏈 (“chain; wire; cable; chain; shack; etc.”).
(This character is a variant form of 鏈).

Japanese[edit]

Shinjitai

錬

Kyūjitai

鍊

Kanji[edit]

鍊

(“Jinmeiyō” kanji used for names, kyūjitai kanji, shinjitai form 錬)

  1. to smelt (metals)
  2. to forge
  3. to refine

Readings[edit]

  • On (unclassified): れん (ren)
  • Kun: ねる (neru, 鍊る)

Korean[edit]

Hanja[edit]

鍊 (eumhun 불릴 련 (bullil ryeon), South Korea 불릴 연 (bullil yeon))

  1. Hanja form? of 련/연 (“smelt metals, forge”).
  2. Hanja form? of 련/연 (“refine”).

Compounds[edit]

Vietnamese[edit]

Han character[edit]

鍊: Hán Nôm readings: luyện, rèn, rén

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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